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Flashcards by Laura McDaniel, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Chptr. 4: | Formation |
| Artists circle | A relatively small group of peers who work together for an extended period of time, exchanging ideas for commentary and critique and developing a shared conception of what their profession's methods and goals should be; more generally, a collaborative circle |
| Personality | The configuration of distinctive but enduring dispositional characteristics, including traits, temperament, and values, that characterize an individual's responses across situations |
| Five Factor Model (FFM, or the big five theory) | A conceptual model of the primary dimensions that structure individual differences in personality. The 5 dimensions are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Different theorists sometimes use different labels |
| Extraversion | In personality trait theories, the degree to which an individual tends to seek out social contacts, including such related qualities as outgoing, enthusiastic, energetic, and assertive. Extraverts are oriented primarily toward social experiences |
| Extraversion cont. (introversion) | Introverts are oriented primarily toward inner perceptions and judgments of concepts and ideas |
| Agreeableness | In personality trait theories, the degree to which an individual tends to respond positively across situations, including such related qualities as trusting, straightforward, warm, cooperative, modest, and sympathetic |
| Relationality | The degree to which one's values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize and facilitate establishing and maintaining connections to others |
| Need for affiliation | A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by joining with other people, which frequently includes concerns about winning the approval of other people |
| Need for intimacy | A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by seeking out warm, positive relationships with others |
| Experience sampling | A research method that asks participants to record their thoughts, emotions, or behavior at the time they are experiencing them rather than at a later time or date; in some cases, participants make their entries when they are signaled by researchers using electronic pagers, personal data assistants (PDAs), or similar devices |
| Need for power | A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by gaining control over other people and one's environment |
| Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) | A theory of group formation and development that emphasizes compatibility among 3 basic social motives: inclusion, control, and affection (developed by William Schutz) |
| Shyness | The tendency to be reserved or timid during social interactions, usually coupled with feelings of discomfort and nervousness |
| Social anxiety | A feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people |
| Social anxiety disorder | A persistent and pervasive pattern of overwhelming anxiety and self-consciousness experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people (also known as social phobia) |
| Attachment style | One's characteristic approach to relationships with other people; the basic styles include secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing, as defined by the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance |
| Social movement | A deliberate, sustained, and organized group of individuals seeking change or resisting a change in a social system. Movements are sustained by individuals who may share a common outlook on issues or by members of identifiable social groups or categories, but not by businesses, political organizations, or governments |
| Affiliation | The gathering together of individuals (typically members of the same species) in one location; also, a formalized relationship, as when an individual is said to be affiliated with a group or organization |
| Social comparison | The process of contrasting one's personal qualities and outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences, to those of other people |
| Social support | A sense of inclusion, emotional support, advice, guidance, tangible assistance, and spiritual perspective given to others when they experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises |
| Downward social comparison | Selecting people who are less well off as targets for social comparison (rather than individuals who are similar or superior to oneself or one's outcomes) |
| Upward social comparison | Selecting people who are superior to oneself or whose outcomes surpass one's own as targets for social comparison |
| Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model | A theoretical analysis of social comparison processes that assumes that individuals maintain and enhance their self-esteem by associating with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are not relevant to the individual's own sense of self-esteem and avoiding association with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are important to the individual's sense of self-esteem (developed by Abraham Tesser) |
| Proximity principle | The tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by; also known as the "principle of propinquity" |
| Elaboration principle | The tendency for groups to expand in size as nonmembers become linked to a group member and thus become part of the group itself; this process is termed percolation in network theory |
| Similarity principle | The tendency for individuals to seek out, affiliate with, or be attracted to an individual who is similar to them in some way; this tendency causes groups and other interpersonal aggregates to be homogenous rather than diverse |
| Homophily | "Love of the same"; the tendency for the members of groups and other collectives to be similar to one another in some way, such as demographic background, attitudes, and values; generally expressed informally as "birds of a feather flock together" |
| Complementarity principle | A tendency for opposites to attract when the ways in which people are dissimilar are congruent (complementary) in some way |
| Interchange compatibility | Compatibility between group members based on their similar needs for inclusion, control, and affection (defined by William Schutz) |
| Originator compatibility | Compatibility between group members that occurs when individuals who wish to express inclusion, control, or affection within the group are matched with individuals who wish to receive inclusion, control, or affection from others (defined by William Schutz) |
| Reciprocity principle | The tendency for liking to be met with liking in return; when A likes B, then B will tend to like A |
| Minimax principle | A general preference for relationships and memberships that provide the maximum number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number of possible costs |
| Comparison level (CL) | In social exchange theory, the standard by which the individual evaluates the quality of any social relationship. In most cases, individuals whose prior relationships yielded positive rewards with few costs will have higher CLs than those who experienced fewer rewards and more costs in prior relationships (described by John Thibaut and Harold Kelly) |
| Comparison level for alternatives (Clalt) | In social exchange theory, the standard by which individuals evaluate the quality of other groups that they may join (described by John Thibaut and Harold Kelly) |
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