4011954
Description
Flashcards by Vishal Kapila, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Vishal Kapila
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 4 parts of the earth ? | - inner core - outer core - mantle - crust (continental and oceanic) |
| make up of the 4 parts of the earth ? | inner core - solid nickle and iron (5500 C) outer core - liquid nickle and iron (4500 C) mantle - solid/liquid magma (3000 C) crust - solid granite and basalt |
| what was wegener's theory ? | continents were all together at one point - continental drift. this theory was rejected till scientists found out about CONVECTION CURRENTS and TECTONIC PLATES |
| what are tectonic plates ? | Earths crust is broken into pieces called TECTONIC PLATES, they can move due to convection currents in the mantle. |
| what are concevtion currents ? | in the mantle there is a mix of solid and liquid magma so the less dense magma rises while the more dense magma falls - these are convection currents. |
| where are most volcanoes, earthquakes and fold mountains found on earth? | near plate boundaries - due to movement of plates creating different land forms or processes. |
| destructive boundaries | denser oceanic plate subducts a less dense continental plate - volcanoes, earthquakes, fold mountains. |
| constructive boundaries | convection currents in mantle separate 2 plates, the gap is filled by magma which solidifies - volcanoes, earhquakes |
| collision boundaries | when 2 continental crusts of equal density bunch up - earthquakes, fold mountains |
| conservative boundaries | 2 plates build up pressure, then slide at different speeds (in the same/different directions) - earthquakes |
| ocean trench | at a DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY when subduction occurs leaving an ocean trench (mariana trench) |
| composite volcano | at a DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY a steep sided volcano, has layers of ash and lava - violent eruptions (soufriere hills) |
| shield volcano | at a CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY a gently sloping volcano - calmer eruptions (erta ale volcano) |
| hotspot | at CONSTRUCTIVE / DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARIES - 1. due to rising mantle plumes (Kilauea and loa - volcanoes in Hawaii) |
| fold mountains | at COLLISION / DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARIES when 2 plates push each other and sediment from sea bunches up |
| where are the andes? | stretches across the west coast of south america |
| farming in the andes - how do they farm on steep slopes | TERRACING (cutting the slopes to create flat areas) - so thin soils don't slide down the mountain and helps retain water |
| where are most crops grown and what crops are grown | mostly grown on flat areas (lower valleys) - grow cash crops (soybeans, cotton, rice) |
| how is gold extracted from mines? | dynamite used to loosen gold ores, then cyanide used used to help extract gold from ore |
| pros and cons of mining? | PROS - new jobs CONS - increased crime, noise from dynamite, water pollution from cyanide. |
| how do the slopes help with HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER (HEP)? | steep slopes allow for a larger flow of water so MORE ELECTRICITY PRODUCED also melting snow in winter adds to water supply |
| why is there tourism in the andes and what does it bring? | tourism due to many natural attractions (peaks, volcanoes, glaciers etc...) - this brings MONEY to the country by selling goods and tours etc also bringing AWARENESS to the country. |
| PROBLEMS in the Andes | - EL NINO - frequent change in climate (floods, landslides, problems for farmers) - TOURISM DAMAGES LANDFORMS - walking and litter - people farming coca started to chew the plant (ingredient in cocaine) - taking it will cause riots |
| MONSERAT - date and location | WHEN - June 25th 1997 (2 smaller eruptions in 1995) - dormant before 1995 WHERE - Monserat - small island in Caribbean. |
| CAUSES of monserat (PLATES) | lay on a DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY - north american plate subducted Caribbean plate MAGMA ROSE = ERUPTION |
| MONSERAT - PRIMARY EFFECTS | - 19 deaths - capital (plymoth) abandoned - unemployment rose - 20 villages, airports, hospitals and farmland destroyed due to pyroclastic flow |
| MONSERAT - SECONDARY EFFECTS | - FIRES started - smoke and ash poisoned water - towns made inhabitable - tourism and businesses dropped - population decline + volcanic ash IMPROVED SOIL + tourism increase NOW to see volcano |
| MONSERAT - IMMEDIATE RESPONSES | - people EVACUATED to safe areas - SHELTERS built - TEMPORARY INFRASTRUCTURE built - UK gave £17 million EMERGENCY AID |
| MONSERAT - LONG-TERM RESPONSES | - EXCLUSION ZONE set up - UK gave £40 million to rebuild airports and housing - VOLCANIC OBSERVATORY built |
| what are SUPERVOLCANOES? | bigger than normal volcanoes and have far worse effects - larger magma filled chambers (yellowstone) |
| what is the CALDERA? | large volcanic crater found on supervolcanoes |
| how are supervolcanoes FORMED? | 2. Above CONTINENTAL 'hotspots', large bubble of rising magma heats continental crust, then the magma chamber collapses forming a CALDERA |
| how do supervolcanoes ERUPT? | under a CALDERA is a large bubble of trapped magma. 1. earthquake cracks the CALDERA and releases magma which explodes. 2. pressure from magma pushes off CALDERA |
| EFFECTS of a supervolcano | - 10,000 square km of land destroyed - 50km of ash blasted into air - GLOBAL DIMMING - ash blocks out sun (-10 degrees) - air, crops and water POLLUTION (ash) - could cause tsunamis - will cause WORLDWIDE TERROR |
| Focus, Epicentre and Shockwave | - Focus - earthquake originates - Epicenter - directly above focus - Shockwave - bursts from the focus |
| richter scale and mercalli scale | - Richter Scale - strength of EQ (1-10) - Mercalli Scale - damage done by EQ (1-12) |
| HAITI - date and location | Haiti is in the Caribbean - January 12 2010 |
| CAUSES - Haiti (plates) | CONSERVATIVE BOUNDARY - north american plate and Caribbean plate. 7.0 on Richter scale |
| EFFECTS - haiti | - 160,000 DEATHS - 300,000 INJURED - 250,000 residential buildings collapsed - lack of food - many people HOMELESS - lots of landslides - cholera outburst (dirty water) |
| IMMEDIATE responses - Haiti | - Dominican republic gave aid, water, machinery - people pledged money - EMERGENCY RESCUE teams from Iceland |
| LONG-TERM RESPONSES - Haiti | - MONEY pledged by governments - 'CASH FOR WORK' helped clear rubble - FARMERS supported to grow crops - SCHOOLS rebuilt |
| CHRISTCHURCH - date and location | in CHRISTCHURCH (new Zealand) February 22nd 2011 |
| CHRISTCHURCH - causes (plates) | CONSERVATIVE BOUNDARY - pacific plate and Indo-Australian plate. 6.3 on Richter scale |
| EFFECTS - Christchurch | - 185 DEATHS - 1500 INJURED - Canterbury television building and cathedral crumbled - liquification of roads - Christchurch couldn't hold rugby matches (damages economy) |
| IMMEDIATE responses - Christchurch | -Vulnerable people cared for -temporary toilets for 30,000 people -areas labelled colours based on damage -INTERNATIONAL AID ($7 million) |
| LONG-TERM responses - Christchurch | - provided temporary housing -WATER AND SEWAGE restored by august -roads and houses cleared of SILT |
| what is a tsunami? | an earthquake in the ocean that causes extremely high waves |
| CASE STUDY - tsunami (where and when) | - off west coast of Sumatra (Indian ocean) - 26th December 2004 |
| sumatra tsunami - causes (plates) | DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY indo-Australian plate subducted Eurasian plate 9.0 on richter |
| EFFECTS - sumatra tsunami | - 260,000 people dead - 120,000 people missing - disease spread - 90% of fishing ports lost (big industry) - farmland contaminated (salt water) - drinking water contaminated |
| RESPONSES - sumatra tsunami | - many countries gave financial aid - non government organistions gave airline tarpaulins - medical teams helped physically and mentally injured people - Tsunami warning system set up |
| predict, protect, prepare an earthquake | - Temporary banks - Earthquake drills - Sturdy buildings - Looking at previous earthquake history or tremors (unreliable) |
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