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5516077
Detente 1969-81
Description
A-Levels Cold War Mind Map on Detente 1969-81, created by Tom Lea on 22/05/2016.
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cold war
a-levels
Mind Map by
Tom Lea
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Tom Lea
about 8 years ago
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Resource summary
Detente 1969-81
Key events
Moscow Summit 1972
SALT I Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
ABM Treaty - Each side limited to 2 missile shields.
Particularly benefited USSR - behind in ABM tech & coulldn't afford 2nd arms race
Basic Principles Agreement
12 fundamental principles
improved stability of relationship
Each saw other as equal.
Coexistence not confrontation
Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles
Missile launchers: 1618 (USSR) 1054 (USA) Sub based launchers: 740 (USSR), 656 (USA)
Only temp - full agreement to be formed in 1977
Followed by SALT II - agreement: ceiling of 2400 missiles & bombers
Disagreements over cruise missiles and Russian 'Backfire' bombers - US believe they could reach US so should be included
Carter announced new nuclear project
Biggest US construction project of all time - 200 new missiles, 23 silos, underground railways
Not ratified by Congress following Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Helsinki Accords 1975 - Governed relations between East and West Europe
Basket 1: Security issues
Respect spheres of influence and each others' borders. POssible future border change - peacful negotitation
Basket 2: Economic cultural, scientific and Economic
Improve trading relations - Western tech to be shared with East.
Undermined legitimacy of Communism
Increase in access to better western goods made East question communism as ideology
Trade across Iron Curtain increased knowlledge of stystem with freedom of speech, press, religion, politics - East shown preferable system
Basket 3: Human Rights
European states - respect rights of citizens. Relax travel restrictions
Ostpolik
Sometimes refered to as European Detente
Brandt overturned the Hallstein Doctrine
Improved East-West relations
Berlin Agreement: guarenteed West Ger's borders - no invasion from East
Jackson Vanik Ammendment
Part of 1974 Trade Act
Restricted right to US trade to nations which restricted freedom of movement/immigration
Clear 'attack' on USSR
USSR pull out of trade deal - economy suffers - no US tech
Waiver used to exclude China from provisions of J-V
Oil Crisis - 1973
OPEC - complete Oil embargo on Isreali allies
4X oil price increase within year
West still able to respond quickly -
Economic recovery cut need for West to pursue detente
success?
Normalisation
Helsinki Accords only pledges - not legally binding.
Human Rights especially ignored by USSR
KGB suppression of Orlov's monitoring group (had exposed Human rights abuses)
Basic Principles Agreement
Established framework for discussions
contradicted by J-V
Economic prosperity
Slowed the Arms race - USSR economy couldn't afford
Industrial growth fell in USSR in 1970s - 8.2% in 1964 1% in 1979
Led to increased imbalance between powers - destabalised
Us defence spending down: 1970 - $406 billion, $284 billion 1976 - result of vietnam
Jackson Vanik - raised tensions
1974-5 Western imports to USSR up by 96%
Avoid Nuclear War
SALT I
Useful agreements ABM, Basic Principles
Stabalised the arms race - closer to parity
Created a dialogue
SALT II
Not able to continue success of SALT I
Overall?
Stabalised relations Economic consequences favoured US which lead to imbalance
Significantly criticised by some in US - handing power to USSR - cheap imports, no benefit to US, Human rights not respected
End of Detente
1979 - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Carter demanded Soviet withdrawal - looked weak when no response
Percieved by US as first step to expansion
US fund Mujahadeen - Carter's aim to make war costly for USSR
Gave more power to Hawks in US administration - Brzezinski
Rise of 'Neo Conservatism' in US prior to Afghan invasion
Increased confidence as humiliation of Vietnam fades
Iranian Embassy Crisis - islamic militants occupy US embassy in Tehran - US can do nothing - appear impotent in world affairs
Soviiet expansion in 3rd World
Soviet violation of Helsinki Accords (HR)
Impact of Reagan and Thatcher
Evil Empire
Causes
Nixon's policy, but both superpowers want to avoid nuclear war
MAD a certainty by 1969 - USSR closed missile gap
US Motives
Vietnam
Withdrawal of troops Nixon's main objective
Cost - $66 million/day at height of war. $30billion in 1969
Economics
Post war boom ending
1970: Inflation 6%
Unemployment up more than 6% in early 70s
Change in system of exchange rates - 'Bretton Woods' system collapsed - currencies no longer fixed relative values
International trade less stable
Kissinger
Realpolitik: Pursue realistic FP aims (arms reduction) not ideological.
Normalisation: negotiation would improve US/USSR relations
USSR motives
Economics
USSR economy 1/6 size of US
Increasing demand from public - consumer goods
Therefore reduce defence spending & get investment from west
Nuclear parity
1969: US 28,000 warheads, USSR 11,000
Achieve parity without increasing spending
China
Sino-Soviet split
Sino-US rapproachment
3rd world
Brezhnev wanted influnece in 3rd world - didn't want to provoke US whilst doing this
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