9143729
Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Capitalism | -Focus: individual rights -Values: individual freedom -Economy: free trade -Politics: democratic elections |
| Communism | -Focus: rights of the working class -Values: quality -Economy: government planned -Politics: Communist party controls the government |
| Tehran Conference: Relationships | 1943 -Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt -Roosevelt often sided with Stalin rather than Churchill |
| Tehran Conference: Agreements | -USA and Britain would open up a second front to split German forces -USSR was to declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated -Poland was to gain land from Germany but lose some land to the USSR |
| Yalta Conference: Relationships | February 1945 -Conference was mainly a success due to Roosevelt and Stalin's relationship -Roosevelt also worked well with Churchill -However, disagreements came up over Poland becoming communist -Britain entered the war to protect Poland -USA wanted to stop the spread off communism -Stalin desperately wanted a buffer between it and Germany -Both agreed on democracy, but Stalin thought only a communist government could be truly democratic because only it represents the working class |
| Yalta Conference: Agreements | -Defeated Germany was to be reduced in size, demilitarised and have to pay reparations -Germany to be divided into 4 sectors -Nazi Party to be banned and war criminals tried in international court -UN to be set up -Poland was to be in the Soviet sphere, but be more democratic |
| Potsdam Conference: Relationships | July and August 1945 -Roosevelt had died, replaced by Truman -Churchill lost the general election half way, replaced by Attlee -Earlier trust and relationships no longer helped -Truman arrogant -Stalin stubborn -Truman announced atomic bomb without warning USSR -Clear Stalin had broken his word about democracy in Poland -USSR wanted heavy reparations, whereas America wanted to rebuild Germany |
| Potsdam Conference: Agreements | -Council of foreign ministers set up to organise re-building of Europe -Try Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg -Berlin to be divided into 4 zones as well -USSR to receive a quarter of industrial material from the other 3 zones but had to provide other 3 zones with raw materials like coal |
| The Long Telegram | -Secret report from American Ambassador in Moscow to Truman -Stalin had given a speech calling for destruction of capitalism -There could be no peace with the USSR whilst they opposed capitalism -USSR was building up it's military -USA should seek to contain communism |
| Novikov's Telegram | -From Novikov (Soviet ambassador to America) to Stalin -America desired to dominate the world -Following Roosevelt's death, US Government no longer wanted to cooperate with the USSR -American public was being prepared for war with the USSR |
| Truman Doctrine: Causes | Realised USSR didn't have the military strength for world dominance but thought it would try and conquer through communist revolution all over Europe. Countries weakened and made poor by war, so communism could seem appealing |
| Truman Doctrine: Points | 1947 -The world had a choice between capitalism freedom and communist tyranny -America had a responsibility to fight for liberty wherever threatened -America would send troops and economic resources to help countries threatened by communism -Communism should nit be allowed to grow and gain territory |
| Truman Doctrine: Significance | -Suggested US rather than UN had responsibility to protect the world -Reversal of isolationism -Made it clear that capitalism and communism were in opposition -Suggested no further co-operation -Marked the end of the grand alliance and beginning of Cold War -Policy of containment |
| Marshall Plan | 1947 -$13 billion to rebuild shattered economies of Europe -Encouraging prosperity weakens the appeal of communism -Had to trade with America to receive Marshall aid, so it helped American economy as well |
| Marshall Plan: Reaction | Paris Conference 1948 to discuss Marshall Plan -Many European countries keen for Marshall Aid -USSR representative walked out of the conference claiming that US was trying to separate Europe -Soviet sphere of influence ordered to refuse aid -Stalin called it "Dollar Imperialism" -16 countries including Britain and France accepted |
| Cominform | 1947 -Represented communist parties across Europe and brought them under Stalin's control -Rejected the Marshall plan -Investigated government ministers and employees and removed those not loyal to Stalin -The process was violent |
| Comecon | 1949 -Response to Marshall Plan -Attempted to limit trade with Western Europe as well -Politically, it minimised America's influence -Economically, it meant that benefits of economic recovery would remain inside the Eastern Bloc -Meant Eastern Europe didn't have access to prosperity of Western Europe |
| Satellite state | A country that is officially independent but is in reality controlled by another country |
| Control of Satellite States | -Communist party in each state had a leader that would obey Moscow -Atmosphere of fear and mistrust making it hard for united opposition -Ruthless use of police ans army to stamp out opposition -Ensuring their economies were dependant on the USSR (e.g. Poland did all the ship building) |
| Satellite States: 1945 | -Albania -Bulgaria |
| Satellite States: 1947 | -Hungary -Poland -Romania Had a left wing coalition in 1945 but communists won by intimidation and killing/imprisoning opposition in 1947 |
| Satellite States: Czechoslovakia | -Free elections in 1945 had a left wing coalition -1946 government dominated by communists but no full control -1948 used the army to take over |
| Satellite States: Yugoslavia | -Marshall Tito took over in 1945 -Didn't want to be a satellite state -Relations with USSR worsened in 1948 -Accepted Marshall plan aid |
| Bizonia: Creation | 1947 -British and American zone were operating as one and so called Bizonia -French sector also joined, called Trizonia |
| Bizonia: Actions | -USA, Britain and France agreed to make a German constitution -Introduced a new currency, the Deutschmark |
| Bizonia: Stalin's Reaction | -Stalin wasn't consulted and was scared that this was the first step to a separated Germany -Reluctant to allow America further influence over Germany -Dis not want American troops in Germany -Germany's most valuable economic resources were in the west and could be used against him in a war |
| Berlin Blockade | June 1948 to May 1949 -Stalin tried to prove that a divided Germany wouldn't work -Created a blockade to cut off West Germany from West Berlin |
| Berlin Airlift | -Allied planes transported supplies to West Berlin -Initially America committed 70 large cargo planes and airlifted 600 to 700 tonnes of food and supplies a day -1000 tonnes a day within a few weeks -AT it's height, provided 170 000 tonnes of supplies during January 1949 |
| Berlin Airlift: Consequences | -Truman's peaceful response made Stalin seem aggressive -Massive propaganda victory -September 1949 West Germany (FDR) officially created -October 1949 East Germany (GDR) officially created |
| NATO | 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation -Military alliance between USA and much of Western Europe -If one NATO country came under attack, all NATO countries would defend it |
| Warsaw Pact | 1955 -Military alliance of Eastern Europe -Response to West Germany joining NATO -8 countries |
| Arms race: 1945-1955 | -Commitment to a large army, navy and air force -1945 USA has atomic bomb -1949 USSR caught up -1953 both countries had H-bombs -USA's warheads still more powerful -1955 USSR had a bomb as powerful as a US H-bomb -These new bombs required missiles or modified aircraft's, by 1955 US has B52's and USSR was developing something similar |
| Arms Race: Significance | -Prevented a war in Europe -USSR had 3 million troops that could easily capture West Germany but never did for fear of nuclear retaliation |
| Hungary under Stalin | -1949 cominform brought an oppressive regime -Hungarian land was redistributed to other Eastern European countries -Hungarian coal, oil and wheat shipped off to Russia whilst Hungarians went hungry -Non-communist parties abolished -Russian officials controlled the government, police and army -Matyas Rakosi was Hungary's dictator |
| Matyas Rakosi | -Hungary's dictator from 1949-1956 -Called himself "Stalin's best pupil" -Nicknamed "The Bald Butcher" -Developed "salami tactics" for getting rid of opposition -Imprisoned 387 000 and killed 2000 |
| De-Stalinisation | -Stalin died in 1953 -Khrushchev gave a secret speech in 1956 promising de-stalinisation -People in Hungary were hopeful for change |
| Imre Nagy | -Studied agriculture in Moscow 1929 -Returned to Hungary in 1944 where he became involved in politics -1945 Minister of Agriculture -Excluded from communist party 1949 for concern for the peasants welfare over the state's -After a public announcement of loyalty allowed to rejoin -Replaced Rakosi as PM from 1953-1955 but Rakosi kept the real power -1955 thrown out of the communist party again for opposing Rakosi |
| Protests: Causes | -Khrushchev's secret speech created hope for reform, Rakosi was pushed out of power in July 1956 but nothing changed -Bad Harvests caused and bread shortages |
| Protests | October 1956 students demonstrated in parliament square -Called for 16-point list of reforms -Fighting broke out between students and police -Rapidly pulled in workers and even some army members -Spread all across the country -Khrushchev agreed to make Nagy PM and withdraw the Red Army |
| Nagy's Proposal | Nagy proposed his reforms including leaving the Warsaw Pact and holding free elections, hoped for support from West -Asked UN to recognise them as a separate country -Hoped for support from the USA as they were continually encouraging Eastern European countries to get rid of communism -Kadar set up a rival, Moscow supporting government |
| Khrushchev's Response | -Khrushchev thought that if Hungary were to leave the Warsaw Pact other's would follow suit -4th November 1956 200 000 soviet troops and 1000 tanks entered Hungary to support Kadar's rival government -2 weeks of fighting ensued -2 500 killed by Soviet troops and 20 000 killed -200 000 fled to the West -650 Soviet troops killed, 1 250 wounded -Nagy sought protection in Yugoslavian embassy -Khrushchev promised he was free to leave -AS soon as he left, he was arrested, accused of treason, found guilty and hanged |
| International Reaction | -America offered food and medical aid worth $20 million to Hungary -80 000 Hungarian refugees moved to the USA -Eisenhower praised the bravery of the Hungarian people -UN officially condemned the invasion -Spain, Netherlands and Sweden boycotted the 1956 Olympics in protest -Thousands left communist parties all over Europe -USA's failure to provide military support discouraged radicals all over Eastern Europe |
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