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Physiology exam 2022 - Cycle 1

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One last hurdle in this subject...>..<
Soheila Amri
Quiz by Soheila Amri, updated more than 1 year ago
Soheila Amri
Created by Soheila Amri almost 2 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which of the following statements properly describe hormones produced in hypothalamus:
Answer
  • TSH is produced from hypothalamus to bind to its receptor of the cellular membrane of the thyroid cell
  • CRH from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary cells to liberate FSH and LH
  • Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus increases liberation of oxytocin in positive feedback in response mechanism stimulation of the uterine cervix. it initiates and supports uterine contraction
  • Liberation of CRH is controlled by corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol in mechanism negative feedback

Question 2

Question
Find right sentences concerning transportation of CO2 in blood;
Answer
  • Most CO2 is transported in form of carbaminians and carbaminohemoglobin
  • Bicarbonate binds reversibly heme moiety of hemoglobin
  • Most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocyte
  • Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin forming carboxyhemoglobin

Question 3

Question
Which of the following statements concerning water are true;
Answer
  • Specific heat of water is low. Because of this reason water is excellent heat conductor
  • Water is an excellent solvent because of its polar molecule
  • Water easily passes across cellular membrane through non-gated channel for cations
  • Vasopressin controls synthesis of the protein-AQP2 and its insertion to the apical membrane of the cells of the collecting ducts in kidney. AQP2 performs active transport.
  • Adipose tissue is the least hydrated tissue

Question 4

Question
Put the following ions in the extracellular fluid in proper order, begin with least concentrate (mmol) 1. Na+ 2. K+ 3. Mg2+ 4. Cl-
Answer
  • 1, 2, 3, 4
  • 3, 2, 4, 1
  • 3, 4, 2, 1
  • 1, 4, 2, 3

Question 5

Question
Identify the right statement concerning erythrocytes
Answer
  • Sphingosine 1-phosphate derived from their plasma membrane is a strong chemoattractant agent mobilizing HSC from bone marrow niches
  • Sphingosine 1 -phosphate derived from their plasma membrane is a strong chemoattractant agent facilitating homing of HSC in bone marrow niches
  • Nitric oxide liberated from hemoglobin in tissues, facilitates vasodilation improving blood supply
  • Carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes reduces hemoglobin, improving oxygen supply to tissues
  • 2,3-DPG increases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and decreases oxygen utilization

Question 6

Question
Which of the following statements concern facilitated diffusion.
Answer
  • Water soluble substances are transported through the cellular direction of such a diffusion depends on a chemical gradient
  • Na+ passes through the nicotinic receptor which is a ligand
  • Facilitated diffusion of hydrophobic substances easily
  • Glucose transporters GLUT are examples of system

Question 7

Question
Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right due to: (reduced affinity)
Answer
  • Rise of the concentration 2,3 DPG
  • Rise of pH
  • Decline of the pCO2-
  • Rise to the body temperature
  • Anemia

Question 8

Question
Find right sentences concerning erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Answer
  • it is a ratio of volume of all erythrocyte to the volume of the whole blood
  • It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulin
  • it should not exceed 15mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer
  • It is proportionate to packed cell volume (PCV, Hematocrit)

Question 9

Question
Which statements characterize IgM immunoglobulins.
Answer
  • It can easily produce agglutination of erythrocyte in room temperature
  • It can cross blood placenta barrier
  • It can bind complement
  • It has two antigen binding sites
  • it's a secretory immunoglobulin

Question 10

Question
Which of the following characteristics are typical for erythrocyte of a fetus:
Answer
  • They contain fetal hemoglobin which is replaced by the adult type of hemoglobin during first weeks of life
  • Their shape is more spherical; they have small fragments of cellular nuclei
  • The characterize with lower affinity for oxygen than erythrocyte with adult hemoglobin
  • Their expression of antigens of ABO system is lower (they have less antigens of ABO systems on their erythrocyte)

Question 11

Question
Which of the following statements are true and concern cholinergic
Answer
  • All muscarinic receptors are g-protein coupled receptors.
  • Some of the cholinergic receptors are tyrosine kinase
  • Some of them are ionotropic receptors of the postsynaptic membrane of the autonomic ganglia
  • Activation of muscarinic receptors rises activity of the adenylyl cyclase

Question 12

Question
Which of the following statements concern G-Protein:
Answer
  • Glycine receptor is one of best known example of the g-protein
  • They are all metabotropic receptors
  • They are metabotropic receptors able to autophosphorylate
  • They activates synthesis of intracellular messengers such as cAMP

Question 13

Question
Which of the following receptors are metabotropic
Answer
  • PTH receptor
  • IP3 receptor
  • IGF receptor
  • Adrenergic receptor

Question 14

Question
Which of the following statements properly describes nicotinic receptor
Answer
  • It is a ligand-gated sodium channel
  • Activity of this receptor brings IPSP to the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction
  • It is a channel for small cations and anions. It is blocked by nicotine
  • Two molecules of a natural agonist are bound to alpha-subunits of the receptor

Question 15

Question
Action of heparin are ...
Answer
  • It inhibits activity of plasma factors 4 and 5.
  • It activates natural anticoagulant protein of platelet
  • It inhibits activity of activated Stuart factor and thrombin (factor X and II)
  • It facilitates adhesion and aggregation of platelet
  • It performs proteolytic degradation of activated factor I

Question 16

Question
Which of the following statements concerning thromboxane A2 (TxA2) is true:
Answer
  • Most known action of TxA2 are mediated by its own receptor which is a ligand
  • TxA2 intensifies degranulation of platelet (release of the content of granules)
  • It facilitates aggregation of platelet
  • It produces vascular contraction
  • It activates fibrinolysis

Question 17

Question
Natural anticoagulants are:
Answer
  • Heparin
  • Tissue thromboplastin
  • Antithrombin III
  • Fibrinogen
  • Fibrin deposition
  • Histamine

Question 18

Question
Which of following results of blood tests may suggest improperly low activity of thrombin:
Answer
  • Prolonged clotting time
  • Prolonged APTT(activated partial thromboplastin time)
  • Prolonged bleeding time
  • Prolonged prothrombin time (increased INR)
  • Prolonged thrombin time

Question 19

Question
Identify proper statement concerning platelets
Answer
  • They can be activated by heparin
  • They adhere to intact vessel in presence of heparin
  • They are activated by tissue thromboplastin
  • Their activity is irreversibly inhibited by aspirin
  • They adhere to sub-endothelial collagen and non-collagen glycoprotein

Question 20

Question
Identify function of PTH
Answer
  • It intensifies both calcium and phosphate reabsorption
  • It increases concentration of phosphate in plasma of bloods
  • It increases activity of 1a-hydroxylase in kidneys
  • It decreases reabsorption of calcium from gastrointestinal tract

Question 21

Question
Identify right statements concerning clotting time
Answer
  • It is prolonged in people treated with heparin
  • It depends on the number of platelets
  • It depends on the state of the vascular wall
  • It tests processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Question 22

Question
Choose the correct statement concerning B-Lymphocyte
Answer
  • MHC class II is presented on their membrane
  • In effect of antigenic stimulation, they form plasma cell and secrete immunoglobulin
  • They are formed mainly in thymus
  • They mediate cellular immunity

Question 23

Question
Blood type A individual have genes which code for;
Answer
  • The sequence of amino acids of both the A antigen and B antigen
  • Enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acerylgalactosamine onto H antigen
  • Enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of fucose forming H Antigen
  • Enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylalactosamine onto D Antigen
  • Enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of D-galactose onto H antigen

Question 24

Question
A couple requests blood typing of their child (Father B RhD positive, mother is A RhD Positive). Childs erythrocyte is agglutinated by anti-B antibodies, not agglutinated by anti-A and Anti-D antibodies. Childs Serum agglutinates A-typed erythrocyte does not agglutinate B-type. Which of the following are correct:
Answer
  • The child is the natural offspring of this couple
  • The mother is natural, the father is not the natural father
  • The father is natural and the mother is not the natural mother
  • Blood type in ABO system is A
  • Blood type in ABO system is B
  • Blood type in ABO system is AB
  • Child is Rh- Positive

Question 25

Question
A young adult non-obese female 50 kg was injected intravenously with 1200 mg inulin. Laboratory analysis revealed that the plasma concentration of inulin is 120mg/L. Proper conclusion is:
Answer
  • Volume of plasma is improper and equals 10 liters, the possible reason is over hydration or hypervolemia
  • Volume of plasma is proper and equals 3.2-3,5 liters. Water homeostasis is maintained
  • Volume of extracellular fluid is proper and equals 10 liters. Water homeostasis is maintained.
  • Volume of extracellular is improper and equals 10 liters. The possible reason is dehydration

Question 26

Question
Which of following statements properly describe metabotropic receptors (MR)?
Answer
  • Muscarinic receptor are coupled to phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase
  • GABAb receptor is an example of metabotropic receptor
  • Tyrosine kinase receptors are metabotropic receptor able to autophosphorylates after binding their ligands
  • Some adrenergic receptors are tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 27

Question
Which of the following statements properly concern G proteins?
Answer
  • Binding of insulin to G protein of the insulin receptor initiates process of activation of adenylyl cyclase
  • Extracellular ligands bind to G-protein coupled receptors which in turn activate particular G protein
  • Inhibitory G protein (Gi protien) is coupled to carbonic anhydrase of some cells
  • The G-protein activates a cascade of signaling events that finally results in a change in cell functions

Question 28

Question
Which of the following receptors are ionotropic?
Answer
  • Ryanodine receptor
  • Rhodopsin receptor
  • PTH receptor
  • Nicotine receptor

Question 29

Question
Which of the following statements properly describe hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland = APG?
Answer
  • Dopamine decreases liberation of from APG in mechanism of negative feedback
  • Liberation of corticoliberin (CRH) from APG is stimulated by corticotropin (ACTH)
  • TSH is liberated from APG. TSH binds its metatropic receptor of the membrane of the thyroid cell
  • GnRH (gonadoliberin) from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH and LH
  • Prolactin is produced by supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus and liberated by the anterior pituitary

Question 30

Question
Actions of angiotensin II are:
Answer
  • It mediates vasoconstriction
  • It decreases reabsorption of sodium ions in kidneys
  • It stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
  • It increases heart rate

Question 31

Question
Oxytocin;
Answer
  • It produces contraction of the uterus
  • It binds to the ligand-gated sodium channel of smooth muscle cells of the uterus
  • It is responsible for milk ejection due to contraction of myoepithelial cells
  • It has galactopoietic activity -it stimulates production of milk

Question 32

Question
Phenomena causing increased liberation of renin are:
Answer
  • Increased arterial pressure
  • Reduced volume of ECF and hypoperfusion of the kidney
  • Decreased load of distal tubular fluid (NaCl) in area of the macula densa (of the distal tubule)
  • Increased volume of ECF (hypervolemina)

Question 33

Question
Put following ions the ECF in proper order, beginning from the most concentrated (mmol/L): 1. Na+ 2. Cl- 3. HCO3- 4. K+
Answer
  • 1, 2, 4, 3
  • 1, 3, 2, 4
  • 4, 2, 3, 1
  • 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 34

Question
Which of the following statement concerning active transport are true?
Answer
  • Na/K ATPase exchanges 2 sodium ions for 1 potassium ion. Each such exchange requires 2 ATP molecules
  • Co-transportation of glucose and sodium ions requires previous action of Na/K-ATPase. Such the mechanism is an example of secondary active transport
  • Calcium ions are actively pumped into cellular cytosol by the calcium ATP-ase. This mechanism maintains higher concentration of calcium in cellular cytosol than in ECF
  • Active transport mechanism are able to move substances against concentration gradient

Question 35

Question
Action of glucocorticoids (cortisol) are:
Answer
  • Rise of liberation of histamine from mast cells
  • Rise of gluconeogenesis
  • Rise of plasma concentration free fatty acids
  • Intensification of catecholamine-dependent bronchodilation

Question 36

Question
Channels embedded in cellular membrane can be gated by:
Answer
  • Extracellular ligand such as glycine
  • Change of the electrical potential of the cellular membrane
  • Mechanical deformation of the cell
  • Second messenger such as IP3

Question 37

Question
Which of the following statements properly describes beta-adrenergic receptors?
Answer
  • Beta-adrenergic receptor is ligand-gated channel
  • Activity of adrenergic receptors brings EPSP to the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction
  • Beta-adrenergic receptors are G protein coupled receptors related to adenylyl cyclase
  • Activation of beta-adrenergic receptors up-regulates synthesis of cAMP

Question 38

Question
Which of following statements properly concern metabolism of calcium ion?
Answer
  • Growth hormone exerts hypercalcemic effect
  • PTH up-regulated (increases) mobilization of calcium ion from bones
  • PTH decreases activity of 1alpha-hydroxylase of vitamin 25-OHD3 in kidney
  • Thyroid hormones decrease plasma concentration of calcium

Question 39

Question
Which of following will NOT haemolyse erythrocytes?
Answer
  • 5% solution of glucose
  • Benzene, ether and other organic solvents
  • IgG against D-antigen administered to Rh-D-negative mother after delivery of the Rh-D positive fetus
  • 0,6% saline

Question 40

Question
Which of following will facilitate detachment of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin?
Answer
  • Rise of pH
  • Rise pO2
  • Rise of body temperature
  • Rise of CO2

Question 41

Question
Which of the following statements are true in case of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Answer
  • Adenosine and androgens inhibit secretion of EPO
  • EPO is produced by interstitial cells in peritubular capillary bed of kidneys
  • EPO increases the number of erythropoietin sensitive committed stem cells in the bone marrow that are converted by red blood cell precursors
  • Hypoxia (low partial pressure of O2) in kidney is the main stimulus for EPO release

Question 42

Question
Find right sentences concerning transportation of CO2 in blood:
Answer
  • 5-7% of all the CO2 is transported physically dissolved in blood
  • 10% of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate. Conversion is spontaneous and performed in plasma of blood
  • Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin
  • Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

Question 43

Question
Which of following statements properly concern eosinophils?
Answer
  • They migrate in large number into tissues infected by parasites where they release hydrolytic enzymes
  • They release heparin, histamine as well as small quantities of bradykinin and serotonin
  • They belong to the adaptive immune system. they are not able to phagocyte
  • They aggregate in tissues when allergic reactions occur, (peribronchial tissue in people with asthma)
  • The exhibit chemotaxis

Question 44

Question
Which of following statements properly concern agglutination?
Answer
  • Administration of heparin slows the process agglutination
  • Agglutination is in vitro phenomenon resulting from an interaction between the agglutinogen and agglutinin
  • Gamma globulins of IgM class are able to produce immediate agglutination in room temperature
  • Agglutination results from an interaction between the platelet's GP IIb/IIIa and vascular collagen

Question 45

Question
Which of following sentences are true?
Answer
  • Agglutinins against antigens of Rh system develop in childhood
  • Immediately after birth, the quantity of agglutinins in the plasma of the newborn is almost zero
  • Immunoglobulin against antigens 0-A-B blood type system are produced by the fetus before the birth
  • Agglutinins in 0-A-B blood type system are produced in effect of immunization against antigens A and B commonly present in environment

Question 46

Question
In Rh system of blood:
Answer
  • D antigen is the most antigenic (the strongest) component of the system
  • D antigen is the only antigen of the system
  • Antigens are proteins, located only on membranes of erythrocytes
  • Agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh-D negative individuals after exposure to Rh-D positive blood

Question 47

Question
Complement is a group of more than 25 proteins of the innate immunity. Find their actions
Answer
  • Chemotaxis (chemoattraction) of macrophages and neutrophils
  • Degranulation of the eosinophils and monocytes - mast cells and basophils
  • Promotion of agglutination of invading microbes
  • Presenting on the water soluble antigen
  • Opsonization
  • Maturation of erythrocytes

Question 48

Question
Which statements characterize IgG immunoglobulin?
Answer
  • It can easily produce agglutination of erythrocytes
  • It cannot cross blood-placenta barrier
  • Binding of C1 complex of complement to antigen-IgG complex initiates classical pathway of complement activation
  • It has only 2 antigen-binding sites
  • It is a memory immunoglobulin

Question 49

Question
Identify right statements concerning the Bleeding time test?
Answer
  • Its duration is inversely proportional to the number of platelets
  • It does not depend on concentration and activity of plasma factors of secondary hemostasis
  • It is prolonged in people treated with heparin
  • It tests processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Question 50

Question
Choose the correct statements concerning B lymphocytes?
Answer
  • They mediate cellular immunity
  • Lymphocytes B are classified as professional antigen presenting cells
  • They are formed mainly in in thymus
  • B lymphocytes express B cell receptors on their cell membrane. It allows B lymphocytes to bind a specific antigen

Question 51

Question
Analyze ABO system of a couple: a woman (blood type A) has a father whose blood type is O, and is married to a man whose blood type is B (his mother type is A). What is their child probability of blood type A:
Answer
  • 75%
  • 0%
  • 50%
  • 25%

Question 52

Question
Which of the following statement concern G-Protein concern receptors?
Answer
  • Nicotinic receptor is an example of G-Protein coupled receptor
  • Examples of G-Protein coupled receptor are rhodopsin and GABA(b)-Receptor.
  • G-Protein coupled receptors are metabotropic receptors
  • All G-Protein coupled receptors are metabotropic receptors, they activate intracellular enzymes.

Question 53

Question
Which of the following statements properly concern muscarinic receptors?
Answer
  • All muscarinic receptors are serpentine G-coupled receptors.
  • Some of them are ligand-gated ionic channels.
  • Muscarinic receptors modify activity of adenylyl cyclase of phospholipase C.
  • Acetylcholine is an antagonist of all muscarinic receptors

Question 54

Question
Which if following receptors are ionotropic receptors
Answer
  • IP3 & ryanodine receptors
  • Rhodopsin and vasopressin receptors
  • Insulin and adrenergic receptors
  • Glycine & nicotinic receptors

Question 55

Question
Find proper sequence of events in signal transduction of the G-Protein coupled receptor 1. G-Protein dissociates from the receptor, Subunits of G protein dissociate 2. Binding of the ligand to its native receptor, receptor activates 3. Subunits of G-Protein interact with their appropriate enzymes, activating various second messenger pathways and other effector proteins. 4. Receptor interacts with G-protein to promote a conformational change and the exchange of GDP to GTP 5. Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues of beta-subunit of the receptor, beta-subunit phosphorylates other proteins. 4.
Answer
  • 1, 2, 4, 3
  • 1, 3, 4, 2
  • 2, 3, 4, 1
  • 2, 4, 3, 1

Question 56

Question
Which of following statements properly describe characteristics of facilitated diffusion?
Answer
  • In facilitated diffusion, membrane carriers enable movement of molecules through cellular membranes against concentration gradient.
  • Particular membrane carrier is able to transfer one particular type of molecules soluble in water.
  • Facilitated diffusion characterized with limit rate of transfer of substance diffuse as maximum saturation.
  • Water molecules pass from the cell of the collecting duct to its lumen through the system of facilitated diffusion called AQP2

Question 57

Question
Which of following statements properly concern gating of channels of a cellular membrane:
Answer
  • Insulin receptor open channels for tyrosine, which become phosphorylated in cytosol of the cell - belong to the family of tyrosine kinase receptor
  • Glycine receptor is an example of chemically-gated channel for chloride ion
  • Smooth muscle cells can contract being mechanically stretched it is mediated by stretch gated channels
  • Action potential of excitable cells is usually evoked by entrance of cations through electrical gated channels
  • Action potential of excitable cells is usually provoked by outflow of anions through ligand-gated channels

Question 58

Question
B-lymphocytes
Answer
  • Express MHC II
  • Include cellular response
  • Include humoral response
  • Stimulated by IL-2

Question 59

Question
Identify right statement concerning erythrocytes:
Answer
  • Carboxyhemoglobin is a reduced form greater than O2
  • Methemoglobin is the oxidized form
  • Carries 97% of oxygen in blood
  • Carries 97% of CO2

Question 60

Question
A couple requested blood typing of their child(father AB-. Mother B-). child erythrocytes are agglutinated by antigen B immunoglobulins, not agglutinated by Anti-A or anti-D. Child Serum agglutinates A-typed erythrocytes, doesn't agglutinates B-typed erythrocytes. which following conclusions are true
Answer
  • Child is a natural offspring of this couple
  • Mother is natural, father is not the natural father
  • Father is natural, mother is not the natural mother
  • Blood types in ABO system is A
  • Blood types in ABO system is B
  • Blood types in ABO system is AB
  • Child is Rh-
  • Child is Rh+

Question 61

Question
What is correct concerning the intrinsic pathway:
Answer
  • Depends on factor 3-12
  • Depends on release of HMWK
  • Depends on vascular wall
  • Needs calcium ions
  • Needs action of thromboxane

Question 62

Question
Hemolysis of normal erythrocytes occur:
Answer
  • Distilled water
  • 0.5% concentration of glucose
  • Urea solution
  • 0.2% saline

Question 63

Question
Characteristics of IgM:
Answer
  • Has 2 antigen binding sites
  • Memory immunoglobulin
  • Activate complement
  • Produce aggregation in standard environment of own plasma

Question 64

Question
Vasopressin is released when:
Answer
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased blood volume
  • Increased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid
  • Decreased blood volume
  • Decreased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 65

Question
Growth factor (Somatotropin) stimulated by:
Answer
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Stress and sleep (REM)
  • Physical exercise

Question 66

Question
Identify factors reducing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen:
Answer
  • Acidosis
  • Increase concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes
  • Increased temperature
  • Decreased pH of blood

Question 67

Question
Simple diffusion:
Answer
  • Protein can diffuse easily through membrane
  • Depends on chemical gradient
  • Hydrophobic proteins cannot diffuse via membrane

Question 68

Question
Erythrocytes of newborn:
Answer
  • Contain immature hemoglobin that matures during first week after delivery
  • Hemoglobin has higher affinity to oxygen
  • Have small nucleus
  • Contain less hemoglobin than mature erythrocytes

Question 69

Question
Which of following statements concerning water are true:
Answer
  • Water characterizes with extremely high specific heat -absorption of energy without change of temperature
  • It is a natural solvent and environment for all physiological and chemical processes occurring inhuman organism
  • Aldosterone directly increases water reabsorption in collecting duct
  • Main cation of intracellular water compartment is Mg2+, main anion HCO3-

Question 70

Question
Identify right statements concerning Total Body Water (TBW)
Answer
  • Its volume can't be assessed by intravenous injection of Inulin or other colloid molecule
  • Majority of water of TBW fills extracellular compartment of organism
  • It is usually 60% of the body weight of the young adult human and it tends to decrease with age
  • Water can easily pass through cellular membrane via common to all cells water channel- aquaporin AQP1

Question 71

Question
Factors that stimulate growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) release are:
Answer
  • GnRH liberated from hypothalamus
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Decreased concentration of FFA + glucose in plasma
  • Physical exercise

Question 72

Question
Which of the following statements concerning oxytocin are true:
Answer
  • Peptide hormone synthesized in anterior pituitary gland
  • Its liberation is inhibited by stimulation of mechanoreceptors located in cervix of the uterus
  • Responsible for milk ejection due to contraction of myoepithelial cells
  • Produces contraction of smooth muscle cells of pregnant + non-pregnant uterus

Question 73

Question
Which of following statements concerning affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen are true:
Answer
  • Affinity is inversely proportional to pH
  • Affinity is proportionate to the body temperature
  • Product of glycolysis in erythrocytes - 2,3 BPG decreases affinity of hemoglobulin for oxygen
  • High partial pressure of carbon dioxide - pCO2 in plasma decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Question 74

Question
Low level of PCV may result from:
Answer
  • Hemorrhage (rapid loss of blood cells)
  • Anemia (loss of RBC)
  • Dehydration
  • Repetitive exercise

Question 75

Question
Identify statements characteristic for "0" typed individuals in ABO system:
Answer
  • They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyl-transferase
  • Have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes
  • Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens
  • Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

Question 76

Question
Find solutions able to produce hemolysis to normal erythrocytes:
Answer
  • Hypertonic solution of glucose
  • Organic solvents (soap, detergents, etc)
  • Distilled water
  • Hypotonic solution of sodium chloride

Question 77

Question
Haemolytic Newborn disease can cause:
Answer
  • Anemia
  • Hypobilirubinemia
  • Decreased production of EPO
  • Death

Question 78

Question
Choose the correct statement concerning B-lymphocytes
Answer
  • They are mediators of humoral immunity
  • They are formed mainly in thymus
  • In effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete Ig
  • They mediate cellular immunity

Question 79

Question
Agglutination of erythrocytes is in vitro phenomenon. Which of following processes may facilitate agglutination.
Answer
  • Cooling (decreasing of temp) of in vitro preparation
  • Administration of Ig against human IgG (idea of indirect antiglobulin test/indirect Coombs test)
  • Enzymatic modification of molecules of IgG immunoglobulins
  • Activation of complete system performed by complexes antigen immunoglobulins IgM/IgG

Question 80

Question
In healthy humans which of following morphological elements of peripheral blood have shortest life span:
Answer
  • Macrophages
  • Thrombocytes
  • Hematopoietic stem cells
  • Erythrocytes
  • Memory B lymphocyte

Question 81

Question
PCV (Packed Cell Volume) of female is 20%. Identify right sentence concerning her case:
Answer
  • Her RBC is approximately 3,5 mln/mm3
  • She is in a state of dehydration
  • The client suffers anemia
  • Client is in a state of polycythemia
  • Her RBC is approximately 2,0 mln/mm3

Question 82

Question
Identify right statement concerning EPO:
Answer
  • 85% of erythropoietin comes from kidney and 15% from liver
  • Synthesized in kidney and next hydroxylated in liver in effect of hypoxia
  • Chemoattractant facilitates homing of blood progenitor cells in bone marrow
  • Bilaterally nephrectomized (removal of both kidneys) patients are able to maintain proper erythropoiesis
  • EPO stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from cells of Colony Forming Unit of Mixed Lineages
  • G-CSF and interleukins 3 stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from Colony Forming Unit of Mixed-Lineages

Question 83

Question
Hematopoietic stem cells play key role in human organism. Identify right statement:
Answer
  • Migrate among stem cell niches of embryo
  • Possesses ability for self renewal, highly resistant to radio chemotherapy
  • HSCs are not able to differentiate into blood cells of lymphoid lineage
  • Migration of HSCs finishes after birth. Hematopoiesis is performed in axial skeleton + proximal parts of long bones

Question 84

Question
Identify the right statement related to counting of leukocytes in hemocytometers (Such as Burker chamber):
Answer
  • Measurement of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes
  • Fluids used for counting of leukocytes shrink erythrocytes
  • Fluids used for counting of leukocytes stain organelles of leukocytes
  • Counting of leukocytes requires previous staining of all blood cells
  • Hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

Question 85

Question
Which of the following statements concerning ESR are true:
Answer
  • Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes
  • Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma decreases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises
  • Normal ESR in healthy adult humans is usually lower than 10 mm/hour
  • ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

Question 86

Question
Which of following statement concerning erythrocytes are true:
Answer
  • RDW (RBC distribution width) is quantitative measure of MCV
  • MCV is an erythrocyte index expressing average volume of erythrocytes
  • Concentration of hemoglobin in blood of healthy adult women ranges 12-16 g/dL
  • Standard erythrocyte due to its size + shape is not able to pass via capillaries which diameter is lower than 10 micrometer

Question 87

Question
Identify right statements concerning an antigen:
Answer
  • Secreted by plasmocytes in effect of immune response
  • It is any substance which is able to induce specific immune-response
  • Secreted by T-lymphocytes in effect of immune response
  • Able to activate complement system when bound by APCs

Question 88

Question
Which of following statements may characterize basophiles of blood:
Answer
  • Have large, dark blue granules in their cytoplasm
  • Present antigens to immune competent cells
  • Account for 5-10% of all leukocytes of peripheral blood
  • Their granules contain histamine, heparin + other chemicals involved in allergic + immune responses

Question 89

Question
Functions of ionized Ca2+ in organism are:
Answer
  • It inhibits secretory processes
  • Maintains proper functioning of cellular membrane transport
  • Factor 4 of coagulation supports proper coagulation process
  • It modifies hemoglobin which reduces hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Question 90

Question
Identify right statements concerning tetany:
Answer
  • High plasma concentration of magnesium produces tetany
  • Hypocalcemia produces tetany
  • Tetany can be observed in people whose ventilation is depressed
  • Tetany will be observed in people with elevated level of PTH in plasma
  • Tetany can be observed in hyperventilating people

Question 91

Question
Which statement characterize IgG immunoglobulin
Answer
  • Can easily produce aggregation in standard environment of own plasma
  • Cannot pass through placenta
  • Can activate complement system
  • Has 2 antigen binding sites
  • A memory immunoglobulin

Question 92

Question
Which of following terms and definitions properly describes hemoglobin molecules able to perform their action in conditions in human organism:
Answer
  • Methemoglobin which is a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs
  • Carbaminohemoglobin, form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO2
  • Carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO
  • Oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs
  • Oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxidized hemoglobin dominating in erythrocytes of arterial blood

Question 93

Question
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT):
Answer
  • Prolonged in case of low plasma concentration of fibrinogen (Factor 1)
  • Depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation
  • Depends on platelets count
  • Depends on state of vascular wall

Question 94

Question
Identify proper statement concerning plasma coagulation proteins dependent on vitamin K:
Answer
  • They can be activated by heparin. substrates for thrombin
  • Post-translatory modification of molecules of prothrombin factor 2 + 10 in liver depends on vitamin K
  • Activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
  • They are plasma coagulation factors 1, 5, 8
  • They are proteolytic enzymes (serine-proteases)

Question 95

Question
Identify proper statements concerning plasma coagulation proteins dependent on vitamin K:
Answer
  • They can be activated by heparin
  • They are plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X
  • They are plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII
  • Their activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
  • They are plasma coagulation factors XI, XII, HMWK
  • Inhibited by coumarin-derivatives such as dikumarol + warfarin

Question 96

Question
Extrinsic pathway of coagulation:
Answer
  • Begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor 7+3 coagulation
  • Begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor (3))
  • Requires factor 12 for full activation of hemostatic process
  • Requires calcium ions

Question 97

Question
Find right sentences concerning hemagglutinins:
Answer
  • Agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh+ individuals after exposure to Rh- blood
  • Hemagglutinins in ABO system are mostly IgM class
  • Hemagglutinins in ABO system are inborn
  • In ABO system they are synthesized after immunization against antigen A + B commonly present in environment

Question 98

Question
Which of following receptors are ionotropic receptor for cations?
Answer
  • IP3 receptor.
  • Ryanodine receptor.
  • Glycine receptors.
  • GABAA receptors.
  • Nicotinic receptors

Question 99

Question
Which of following expressions about MHC class I complexes are true?
Answer
  • They are present in almost all cells, except for erythrocytes.
  • They are present only on antigen presenting cell.
  • Their role is to present proteins and activate helper T-lymphocytes
  • It plays role in defense against intracellular pathogens.

Question 100

Question
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT):
Answer
  • prolonged in case of low plasma concentration of fibrinogen (factor 1)
  • Depends in processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation
  • depends on platelets count
  • depends on state of vascular wall

Question 101

Question
Identify proper statement concerning plasma coagulation proteins dependent on vitamin K:
Answer
  • they can be activated by heparin. substrates for thrombin
  • Post-translatory modification of molecules of prothrombin factor 2 & 10 in liver depends on vitamin K
  • activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
  • They are plasma coagulation factors 1, 5, 8
  • They are proteolytic enzymes (serine-proteases)

Question 102

Question
Identify proper statements concerning plasma coagulation proteins dependent on vitamin K:
Answer
  • They can be activated by heparin
  • They are plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X
  • They are plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII
  • Their activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
  • They are plasma coagulation factors XI, XII, HMWK
  • Inhibited by coumarin-derivatives such as dikumarol and warfarin
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