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PSYC 318- Lecture #1
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Psychology Mind Map on PSYC 318- Lecture #1, created by Pascale Bockelmann on 07/01/2017.
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PSYC 318- Lecture #1
Neurons
rearrange elements to make different kinds of molecules in a cell
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
15% nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
50% A.A
proteins
10% lipids
cell membrane
15% carbohydrates
10% organic molecules
20,000 protein encoding genes in our genome (humans)
proteins characterized by function
definition
based on where cell body (soma) is located
ex: hippocampal neuron
cell body = hippocampus
axons can be sent to other places in the body
Protein Synthesis
gene
section of a chromosome encoding a specific protein
gene reading
when a gene is read it is transcribed to the nucleus
by RNA polymerase in mRNA
this mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome where it is translated into a string of A.A. ( aka poteins)
microtubules
allow rapid transport of material in the neurone
mitochondria
extract energy from nutrient
stored as ATP
dendrites
receive information from other cells and sends to soma
soma
metabolic centre of neurone
location of nuceuls
nucleus contains DNA (chromosomes)
axon hillock
binary decision point
should I fire or not?
have we crossed threshold?
cell membrane
made of lipids
cytoplasm
axon terminal
ending of the axon branch
release NT after receiving an axon potential
synapse
how neurones connect to each other
myelin sheath
improves conduction velocity
Synapses can form anywhere between axon terminals and....
4 types
2. dendritic spines
3. soma
1. dendrties
4. other axon terminals
complicated one: see diagram in notes
presynaptic terminals transfrom
electric signal into chemical signals
term:
Dendrites
glutamate, gaba
neurons have many different NT receptors ( they listen to many different kinds of molecules)
but only release a few types of NT themselves
Glutamate
excitatory
EPSCs (excitatory-post-synaptic potentials)
causes depolarization of the post synaptic membrane
drug
agonist
causes seizures
antagonist
dissociative anesthetics
PCP, kedamine
99.9% of neurones use one of these two NT
in addition to a NM (neuromodulator) or NP (neuropeptide)
gas
GABA
inhibitory
antagonist
seizures
agonist
1. anesthetic
2. anticonvulsant
3. muscle relaxants
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
break
IPSCs ( inhibitory post-synaptic currents )
classical neurotransmitters
Neural Integration
interaction of excitatory and inhibitory synapse on a particular neurone called neural integration
if several excitatory synapses are active at the same time
EPSP cause axon to fire
if several inhibitory synapses are active at the same time as the EPSP
the IPSP will dec. the size of the EPSP
the axon won't fire
Neuromodulators
NM are only produced in a small # of locations
Midbrain, Hindbrain
but released widely
receptors
Called Neuromodulators b/c
G-protein coupled receptors
diffuse short distances
influence activity of neighbouring neurons
NOT ion channels
glutamate & GABA
point to point communication
act locally
ion channels?
Chemical Transmission: Conventional Neurotransmitters
Conventional Neurotransmitters
includes neuromodulators
made in axon terminals (local synthesis)
secreted from SSVs ( small secretory vesicles)
dock close to site of Ca2+ entry in presynaptic terminals
usually recaptured after secretion
usually bind to receptors directly across synapse
even when NT diffuse they only act short distances
receptors
ligand gated ion channels
NT
G protein couple receptors
NT & Glutamate & GABA
Chemical Transmission: Neuropeptides (opioids)
few A.A. joined w. peptide bonds
small proteins
secreted
LDCV
(large dense core vesicles)
dock some distance from Ca2+ entry site
synthesized
cell soma & released once
undergoes additional processing once it's transported down the axon
no synaptic reuse of peptides or immediate precursors
May diffuse some distances
only w. G-protein coupled receptor
A.K.A. non-synaptic communication
Chemical Transmission: Lipid Based Signalling Molecules
ex: cannabanoids
secreted in non-vesicular manner from postsynaptic neurones
synthesized & released on demand
binds
G-protein coupled receptors located on presynaptic axon terminal
NT Receptors
ionotrophic ( allows ions to flow in )
'fast'
1. NT binds to open channel
2. +/- ions flow through to change electrical potential of the cell
metabatrophic (metabolic pathways)
g-protein
complicated
'slow'
but can also mediate fast signals
i.e. vision
> 100 msec.
NT binds, g protein activated, g protein subunits modulate ion channels, ions flow across membrane
G-protein Signalling
g-protein encodes the largest % of proteins in our genome
when a ligand binds to a G-protein- linked receptor the effect is determined by
the specific subtype of G protein & local effecters activated by it
beta-noreepinephrine (beta- noradrenergic) receptors
are coupled to the g-protein known as 'Gs'
this activates the protein adenylate cyclase
norepinephrine can activate receptors that produce opposite effects
alpha-norepinephine ( alpha-noradrenergic) receptors activate 'Gi'
inhibits adenylate cyclase protein
can be activated by
classical NT
neuropeptides
sensory inputs
odors, light
lipid based signalling
Neural Plasticity
learning mediated by the change in proteins at the synapse
factors that change strength of synaptic connection
postysnpatic
effect of NT binding to the postsynaptic
presynaptic
release of NT binding to the presynaptic
a manifestation of brain plasticity is synaptic plasticity
Complexity
Nucleus Accumbens
location
forebrain
reptilion brain
~ part of basal ganglia
Prairie Voles vs. Mountain Voles
diff. amount of OXT receptor expressed in NAc
change how a species prioritizes pair bonding
inc. OXT
females find life time mate in a shorter period of time
reason
changes the value we place on social interactions
naturally occurs
sex, birth, parenting, lactation, social bonding
reduces anxiety, inc. contentness
OXT called 'bonding hormone'
released into pituitary -> blood stream
as a hormone
genetic diff. in OXT receptors
maladaptive social
aggressive behaviour
neural peptide
produced
hypothalamus
released
by axon projections from hypothalamus
released into the brain
blocking OXT receptor in NAc prevents pair bonding
artificially deriving OXT receptors in NAc of non-monogamous vole causes them to become monogamous
function
transforms level of motivation into movement
related to pleasure
pleasure influences your future decision & level of work you put into it
To use a conventional neurotransmitter a neuone needs
key identifier
vesicular transporter
concentrates the transporter into a vesicle
often but not always present
mech. for degradation of NT
uptake transporter
in plasma mebrane
biosynthetic enzymes
synthesize the NT
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