Anatomy & Physiology

Muscular System
1. 600 Muscles with:
  1. The Characteristics of:
    1. Essential for Excercise
      1. in which there are 3 ways of Contraction During Excercise
        Eccentric (Lengthening)
        Isometric (Static)
        Concentric (Shortening)
        are impotant for Bone Movements
        Muscle Spindles Stretch Reflex (Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic), Golgi Tendon Organ Tension Relfex & The Reflex Arc
        at joints
    2. Irritability
    3. Contractability
    4. Elasticity
    5. Extensibility
    6. Conductivity
      1. Muscles receive impulses from:
        the Neuromuscular Junction
        Containing: Axion, Axion Terminal, Acetylcholine, Sarcolemma, Receptors, & Synaptic Cleft
        Contraction Happens because of:
        The Sliding Filament Theory
        uses: Z lines, Myosin, Actin, Calcium, ATP, Tropomysoin, Myofibril
      2. Motor Units
        All-or-none Principle
  2. are named after:
    1. Direction of Fibres
    2. Location
    3. Number of Heads
    4. Shape of Muscle
    5. Action of Muscle
    6. Points of Attachment
  3. 4 Major Muscle Groups which are:
    1. Anterior: Quadriceps, Abdominals & Pectorals
    2. Posterior: Hamstrings, Rotator Cuffs, Erector Spinae, Rhomboids, Gluteals & Calf Muscles
2. Functions
  1. Stability & Support
  2. Heat Production
  3. Movement
3. 3 Types
  1. Cardiac (Involuntary)
  2. Skeletal Muscles (Voluntary)
    2. Examples are:
      1. Deltoid ( Trangle shape = Delta)
      2. Pronator Quadratus (Pronates Forearm)
      3. Sternocleidomastoid (Attaches at Sternum, Clavicle and Mastoid Process)
      4. Triceps (3 heads = Tri)
      5. Tibialis Anterior (Anterior Side)
      6. Rectus Abdominus (rectus)
      7. Pectoralis Major
      8. Popliteus
      9. Gastrocnemius
    3. Anatomy:
      1. Skeletal Muscle Fibre, Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Sarcomeres, & Sarcoplamic Reticulum
  3. Smooth (Involuntary)
    1. Examples: are:
      1. Esophagus & Stomach
4. Some injuries are:
  1. Tedonitis
  2. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
  3. Muscle Strains & Tears
The Skeletal System
1. Consists of 206 Bones
  1. divided into Appendicular (126 bones) & Axial (80 bones)
    1. of which there are 5 Types of Bones:
      1. Irregular
        For example:
        Vertebrae
        Mandible
      2. Short
        For example:
        Carpals
        Tarsals
        Which can have landmarks that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures
        For Example: Tibial Tuberosity, Lateral Border, Greater Trochanter, etc.
      3. Sesamoid
        For example:
        Patella
      4. Long Bones
        For Example:
        Femur
        Radius
        Humerus
        The parts of a long bone are:
        Cartilage, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Cancellous Bone, Medullary Cavity, Periostem, Cortex, Compact Bone, Epiphyseal Plate
      5. Flat
        For Example:
        Scapulae
        Cranial Bones
    2. Axial consists of bones more medial on the body.
    3. Appendicular consists of bones more lateral
  2. Which move about the joints
    1. Joints are Classified in 3 different ways:
      1. Fibrous
        Cartilaginous
        Synovial Joints...
        have characteristics such as...
        Articular Cartilage, Joint Capsule, Joint Cavity, Bursae, Intrinsic & Extrinsic ligaments
        There are 6 types of Synovial Joints:
        Hinge Joints
        Pivot Joints
        Gliding Joints
        Ball & Socket Joints
        Ellipsoid Joints
        Saddle Joints
      2. Some joint related Injuries & Diseases are:
        Dislocations & Seperations
        Osrteoarthiritis
        Rotator Cuff Tears: injury that involves one or all four muscles that make up the Rotator cuff at the shoulder: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor & Subscapularis
2. has 5 Functions which are:
  1. Protection
  2. Cell Production
  3. Mineral Reservoir
  4. Movement
  5. Structural Support
3. Together they make
4. can have Injuries such as:
  1. Fractures (bone breaks)
  2. Shin Splints (painful condition)
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Which are naturally healed and put back together with the Bone Remodelling Cycle
    1. Step 1: Resorption
      1. Step 2: Reversal
        Step 3: Bone Formation
        Step 4: Mineralization
    3. This processs consists of:
      1. Osteoblasts (bone forming cells), Osteoid (gelatin-like substance), Osteoclasts (bone deconstruction cells)
the Musculoskeletal System and are connected:
1. Via Tendons (indirectly)
2. Outer membrance of muscle attaches to outer membrane of bone (directly)

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	Created by Yan Yan Dela Cru over 8 years ago