A hot summer's Night - Acute Renal Failure

Anatomy and histology of the nephron
Physiology of the nephron
1. Pathology of kidney failure
  1. Acute
  2. chronic
    1. Hypertension
    2. Diabetes
    3. Other kidney diseases like polycystitis
    4. Acute renal failure
    5. Hypertension
  3. SIgns and Symptoms & Manifestations
    1. Sodium and water balance
      1. because kidney produces erythropoietin
        Osteodystrophy
        Shortness of breath
        due to increased level of urea
        Maintains calcium homeostasis
      2. Potassium balance
        Anemia
  4. Investigations
    1. Blood tests
      1. CBC
      2. Blood electrolyte
    2. Ultrasonography
      1. CT scan with contrast
    3. Management
      1. Take history and do a physical examination
        Perform general investigations including electrolyte counts and then specific investigations if diagnosis is not established
        Supportive management mainly for kidney failure
        Dialysis
      2. Diuretics
        Osmotic agents
        Loop agents
        Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
        thiazides
        Potassium Sparing
3. Urine is a waste byproduct formed from excess water and metabolic waste molecules during the process of renal system filtration
Incidents in car accidents
1. Lateral impact Rear end impact
2. Fractured ribs
3. Internal bleeding
4. Brain bleeding
5. Pneumothorax, hemothorax, cardiac tamponade
6. Liver torn open- severe bleeding
7. KIDNEY DAMAGE
8. residents of UAE are 7 times more likely to die in car accident compared to those in UK
  1. strategies to reduce this number
    1. increase the valid age to 21 years old
      1. Educate people at school
        Black Dots systems

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A hot summer's Night - Acute Renal Failure

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