9176235
Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Growth in Tourism | -Tourism is the worlds largest industry -Worth $7.6 trillion dollars in 2016 -940 million international tourists in 2009 -Many countries rely heavily on tourism for income |
| Factors affecting Tourism's Growth | -Social and economic factors -Improvements in technology -Expansion of holiday choices |
| Social and Economic Factors | -Since the 1950s people have been becoming wealthier -Most families in the UK have two working parents -People also have more holiday time -Holiday leave has increased from 2 weeks in the 1950s to 4 to 6 weeks -Rising life expectancy has led to more retired people -Good pensions mean they travel more |
| Improved Technology | -Motorways, airport expansions and faster jet aircrafts make tourism faster and easier -Flying has become cheaper -Online booking increases ease |
| Expansion of Holiday Choice | -1970s cheap package holidays competed with seaside resorts -Packages are now available to all around the world -Ecotourism and extreme tourism in places like Antarctica also expands tourism choices |
| Tourist attractions | -Cultural (art galleries, museums, architecture etc.) -Natural landscapes (mountains, beaches etc.) |
| Italy: Tourist Attractions | Offers a lot of choice -Culture in places like Venice, canals and renaissance architecture -Alps offer scenery skiing and hiking -Beaches along the coast offer beach holidays |
| Importance of tourism | -Important part of the economy in many richer countries -But they have a broadly balanced economy of which tourism is only one part -Developing countries' economies depend on tourism a lot more -80% of Barbados' national income comes from tourism |
| Dubai: Tourism | -In the United Arab Emirates -Easily accessible from Europe, Asia and Africa, 120 airlines fly there -Tourism is growing quickly -Hotel revenue up 22% in the first quarter of 2008 -2.8 million tourists in 2000 -4.9 million tourists in 2003 -5.4 million tourists in 2004 -14.9 million tourists in 2016 -Emirates airlines carried 56.1 million passengers in 2016, many long haul to their 140 destinations, many have stop overs in Dubai |
| Dubai: Attractions | -Duty free shopping malls with huge department stores -Watersports like diving -City skyline -Dubai Mall -Bird watching trips to wet mudflat areas where there are over 400 species -Desert exursions |
| Benefits of Tourism to LEDCs | -Employs many people, in Barbuda 30% of the population work in these jobs -Tourists spend holiday money in pound sterling or dollars, providing essential foreign currency -Governments tax visitors to pay for water, electricity, roads etc -Extra jobs created indirectly, e.g. hotels buy food from local farmers -Small businesses start up to serve tourists like taxis bars, restaurants, maintenance workers |
| UK Tourism: Growth | -UK tourism used to be mainly domestic, only rich went abroad -Domestic tourism grew in 1950s and 1960s as growing economy meant higher wages and more time off -UK seaside holidays peaked in 1970s with 40 million visitors annually -Package holidays led to a reduction in domestic, seaside holidays -British weather was too unreliable -2010-11 UK residents made 55.7 million trips abroad |
| UK Tourism: Contribution to Economy | -UK economy earned £114 billion in 2008 -27.7 million overseas visitors spent £13 billion of this -Over 100 new hotels from 2004 to 2005 -London ye has 3.7 million visitors a year -1.1 million tourists arrived for the Royal Wedding in 2011 |
| Butlers Model |
Image:
Butlers Model (image/jpeg)
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| Exploration | -Small numbers of visitors -Attracted to something particular -Locals haven't developed many tourism services |
| Involvement | Local population sees opportunities so starts to provide accommodation, food, transport and guides for visitor |
| Development | -Large companies get involved -Build hotels and leisure complexes -Advertise package holidays -Job opportunities for locals grows rapidly |
| Consolidation | -Tourism is a major aspect of the local economy -Visitor numbers are steady so employment is more secure -Hotels and other facilities becoming older so the types of customers attracted go downmarket -Rowdiness becomes an issue |
| Stagnation | -Resort becomes unfashionable -Visitors start to decline -Businesses change hands and often fail |
| Decline | -Visitors prefer other resorts -Day trippers and Weekenders become the main sources of income |
| Rejuvenation | -Attempts to modernise the resort are made -Try to attract different people to new activities |
| UK Tourism: External factors | -Terrorism -Exchange rates |
| Terrorism | -9/11 had a massive impact on international travel -Visitor numbers decline sharply after terrorist attacks like the 2005 underground bombings |
| Exchange Rates | -Since 2008 world has been facing issues -People facing a pay freeze or rising unemployment decreases number of tourists -2011 Euro was high against the pound (87p compared to previous 68p) so less holidays in Europe |
| National Parks | An area where development is limited and planning controlled. The landscape is regarded as unusual and valuable and therefore worth looking after |
| Honeypot Sites | Somewhere that attracts a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place pressure on the environment and people |
| Lake District | -Cumbria, north-west England -64 km long, 53 km wide -Became a national park in 1951 |
| Lake District: Outdoors | -Ribbon lakes and tarns -Lake Windermere specialises in ferry cruises -Most ferry from Windermere town to Ambleside -Small boats allowed on many lakes -Areas set aside for windsailing and powerboating so it doesn't clash with quiet areas -Fishing is also popular -Walking is very popular -Routes vary from short and flat to extremely long and tough -Known as the "Birth place of mountaineering |
| Lake District: History and Culture | -Historical and cultural sites attract tourists -Lake district occupied since the end of the ice age 10 000 years ago -Evidence of early settlements remain in the landscape -Land has been farmed for centuries leaving distinctive field patterns with dry stone walls -19th century writers and artists loved the area -Beatrix Potter lived on the shores of Lake Windermere |
| Lake District: Traffic Problems | -89% of visitors come by car -Many roads are narrow and winding -Buses and large delivery vehicles have to use these as well -Queues are a common problem, especially at the end of the day when day trippers go home -Bowness-on-Windermere were not built for the large amounts of traffic -Congestion and parking are serious problems -People in the countrysides park on verges, causing serious damage |
| Lake District: Traffic Solutions | -Dual carriageways built either side of the Lake District to move traffic in and out efficiently -Distributor roads connect small towns and key tourist villagers -Traffic on smaller roads has been slowed down -Traffic calming measures like cattle grids implemented -Maximum overall speed limit - Heavy lorries kept off scenic roads -Where possible bus lanes operate, although small streets limit this -Park and ride scheme called "Honister Rambler" operates from Keswick to the edge of the park, they are then transported to areas where parking is a problem like Catbells -Low-carbon vehicles like buses have been encouraged |
| Lake District: Honeypot Sites Issues | -Beauty spots, small shopping centres and historic houses attract hundreds of visitors daily -Catbells is easy to climb so popular, leading to serious footpath erosion |
| Lake District: Honeypot Site Management | -Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project repaired 145 paths involving creating steps, surfacing with local stone and re-planting native plants -Severely eroded path at Whiteless Pike, Buttermere repaired with stone pitching, cost £1000 per m -Road sides fenced off so cars can't damage verges -Car parks surfaces reinforced. "Waffles" are large concrete slabs with holes in them where grass grows -Bins provided at sites and emptied regularly -Signs encourage people to be responsible with litter |
| Lake District: Pressure on Property | -20% of housing are holiday homes or second homes -Holiday cottages and flats not occupied the entirety of the year -Holidaymakers don't always support local businesses, often doing one big shop beforehand -Demand for property from outsiders increases the prices for locals -Nothing can really be done about it |
| Lake District: Environmental Issues | -Wash from faster water vehicles, where allowed, erode the shore -Fuel spills aren't uncommon, causing pollution |
| Lake District: Environment Solutions | -Speed limits set for boats, but to prevent erosion this needs to be very low which clashes with the pleasure of the sport -18 km/h speed limit on Lake Windermere -Limiting noisiest and most dangerous sports restricts the amount of damage done |
| Lake District: Farming | -Tourism and farming are often in conflict -Visitors can trample crops and disturb livestock -However, tourists offer hill farmers diversification opportunities in economically difficult times -Income can come from B&B, holiday cottages, caravan and camping sites as well as pony trekking |
| Lake District: Tourism Management Strategies | 2007 launched it's vision for 2030 -Aims to maximise economic opportunities in a sustainable way |
| Mass Tourism | Tourism on a large scale to one country or region. This is linked to the development and consolidation phases of Butler's Model |
| Mass Tourism: Advantages | -Provides jobs for previous subsistence farmers who now have a more reliable income -New infrastructure put in place for tourists benefits locals -Temporary construction jobs go to locals -New leisure facilities may be open to locals -Economy benefits from the taxation of tourists and hotels, creation of jobs and spending money in shops |
| Mass Tourism: Disadvantages | -Activity may be seasonal so local people are out of work for the rest of the year -Industry is dominated by large travel companies -New construction can damage the environment -Doesn't appeal to wealthier people -Few locals paid well -Higher up jobs taken by people from the companies, not locals -Investing companies based in foreign companies so profits leave the country -New developments need land, farmers may be tempted to sell their land, decreasing food production -Tourists can be narrow minded and prefer local food, so food is imported locally -Cultural clashes can occur which can lead to issues with alcohol and drugs |
| Jamaica: Tourism | -One of the Caribbean's main tourism destinations -3.1 million tourists in 2016 -Tourism is the countries second largest earner 24% of GDP -262 000 Jamaicans work in this sector (22.6% of population) -Local businesses like food production and Hotel supplies rely on tourism -Attracts people for watersports, wildlife sanctuaries, golf and beaches -Cultural pollution, Jamaica suffers with drugs and sex tourism |
| Jamaica: Community Tourism | -Visitors stay in local's homes -Families provide B&B accommodations -Local businesses like restaurants supply other needs -More interaction between tourists and locals -Tourists have a clearer idea of local life, less likely to waste water etc. -Support local businesses -Money goes directly to the people |
| Jamaica: Ecotourism | -Jamaica's trying to maintain it's tourist resorts for the future -Ecotourism utilises areas like the Blue mountains in the South East of the Island and other stretches of coast, spreading tourism out -Nature reserves include eco-lodges -Low tourist densities in these areas to keep pressure off the environment |
| Extreme Tourism | -Involves dangerous landscapes with a difficult climate -Involves an element of risk and adrenaline rush -Northern Pakistan has some of the most mountainous an challenging landscape, terrorist groups add an extra thrill/risk -Growing rapidly but never likely to be big -E.g. waterfall climbing or cliff diving in Jamaica |
| Extreme Tourism: Target Market | -Tourists looking for a physical challenge -Often around 30, unmarried with no children with high powered jobs and a god income |
| Antarctica: Tourism Figures | -1950s commercial ships brought a few passengers -First specially designed cruise ship in 1969 -34 000 tourists in 2010 -Tourists from northern hemisphere fly to New Zealand and then take a ship from there |
| Antarctica: Tourism Specifics | -Landing sites are limited and quickly become honeypot sites -Tourists can damage the environment so management is vital -Attractions include walking, kayaking, skiing, climbing, scuba diving and helicopter flights -Animals, like penguins and seals can be scared off and abandon their eggs/young -Accidents where ships strike uncharted rocks or ice -Oil spills are an increasing hazard for wildlife -Ships must discharge waste far away from Antarctica's shores |
| Antarctica: Coping with Tourism | -All tourist operators are members of IAATO which directs tourism be safe and environmentally friendly -Around 100 companies are involved -Atlantic Treaty says tourism in acceptable, but scale needs to be limited -Visitors are not allowed to visit SSSIs -Permit needs to be gained for activities -No ships with over 500 passengers are allowed to land |
| Stewardship | The personal responsibility of us all for looking after the environment, no one should damage the present or future environment |
| Conservation | The thoughtful use of resources, managing the landscape in order to protect the ecosystems and other cultural features |
| Ecotourism: Aims | -Environmentally friendly tourism -Experiencing the natural environment directly -As little impact on the environment as possible -Energy used should be sustainable -No waste should be produced that can't effectively be dealt with -Eat local food -This all makes the price very high though |
| Galapagos Islands | -50 Volcanic Galapagos Islands that belong to Ecuador 1000 km off the coast of South America -90% of the islands are national parks or marine reserve -Islands have some of the most precious and fragile ecosystems -Biosphere reserve and whale sanctuary -UNESCO World Heritage site |
| Galapagos Islands: Tourism | -Small number of tourists allowed under strict rules -Only allowed onshore in specific places and limited numbers -Tour boats owned by locals take 10 to 16 tourists accompanied by a local guide -Visitors given accurate information and prevented from causing damage |
| Galapagos Islands: Benefits | -Galapagos Conservation Trust receives £25 per tourist -Pays for conservation trust in the Island -Local people get paid as guides and small businesses have started such as running guest houses |
| Galapagos Islands: Problems | - Honeypot sites are sometimes over used despite strict control and are showing signs of environmental stress -Oil pollution from boats can affect the fragile marine life |
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