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Description
Flashcards by Hannah Shakeshaft, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hannah Shakeshaft
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Objectives: Control of Movement | - Identify Different Muscle Groups - Involuntary Versus Voluntary Muscles - Role of Muscles in Sports - Role of Movements in Psychology - Disorders of Movement |
| The Production of Movements | - Due to muscle contractions, some movements are overt and under volunary control - raising hand, or without overt attention - such as breathing. Used for carrying weights and maintaining posture. - Three kinds of muscle tissues - Physical basis of muscle contraction |
| Three Types of Muscles | Smooth Muscles: they're found in organs, such as the lining of the lungs Striate Muscles: (Skeletal muscle) - are used for overt and conscious movements Cardiac Muscles: resistant to fatigue, resilient to contractions at fast rates. |
| Physical Basis of Muscle Contraction | Depolarisation --> Ca2+ Channels open --> Ca2+ allows myofibrils to extract energy (ATP) from the cytoplasm --> Myosin cross bridges attach/bend to actin strand. |
| Muscle Tension | Bones are connected to muscles via fibres called tendons. Golgi tendons are stimulated when a muscle contracts Neural info about tension is sent to the brain to control movement and determine position of limbs Muscles max stimulation fuses to cause tetanus which is caused by a lack of oxygen and a build up of CO2 |
| Muscle Twitches | Fast contractions : Slow Large in diametre : smaller Blood supply less rich : More rich Rapid Action : Prolonged performance |
| Motor Units | Alpha Motor Neuron - directly responsible for initiating contraction Myelinated Axon - forms an electrically insulated layer Extrafusal Muscle Fibres - detect the amount rate in change of the length of the muscle |
| Brain & Muscles | Premotor Cortex - Planning of movement Prefrontal Lobe Supplementary Motor Cortex - Preparation of rapid sequencing of movements Primary Motor Cortex - Convey messages to send to the spinal chord Central Sulcus Primary Somato Sensory Cortex Posterior Parietal Cortex |
| Control of Voluntary Movement | 1) Decision - to make movement - in the prefrontal and partiel lobe 2) Planned - Supplementary motor cortex & Primary motor cortex 3) Planning Incorporated from thalamus and Basal Ganglia 4) PMC Sends signal via lateral pathway 5) Lateral Pathway carries signals to spinal motor neurons |
| Motor Systems of the Brain | 1) Spinal Motor Pathways: Controls volunary movement 2) Cerebellum: Important for controlling the sequencing of complex voluntary 3) Basal Ganglia: Coordinates inputs with the thalamus 4) Primary Motor Cortex: Important to the initiation of voluntary movement |
| Movements and Psychology | Massage Therapy & Touch - Helps with sleeping, weight gain, learning, alertness, ADHD claims, depression (premature infants) Evolutionary benefits of massage - touch-deprivation studies, attention from massage, decrease in cortisol (stress hormone) Gesture-Speech |
| Benefits of Movement on Psychology | 1) Physical fitness and exercise to psychological well-being 2) Exercise and disease -Immune system - Cancer Rates - Osteoporosis - Sleep -Depression, stress, cognition benefits 3) Long term benefits that are acute |
| Psychology and Exercise | 1) 'Warm up' 2) 'Cool Down' to slow down contractions of muscles, to allow for the removal of metabolites such as lactic acid. If there is no cool down, then blood flow is dramatically reduced and a reduction of oxygen due to the build up of waste 3) Positive body image - healthy body = healthy mind |
| Disorders of Movement | The Apraxias - Limb - Oral - Constructional Parkinson's Disease |
| The Psychology of Deception | - Masking Smiles - Micro-expressions - Frequency of the voice (pitch) |
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