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Description
Flashcards by Hannah Shakeshaft, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hannah Shakeshaft
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Sensation and Perception: Audition Objectives | Auditory System - Ear to Brain Why hair cells fire to 'transduce' air pressure changes into neural signals Sound Localisation Basic concepts relating to smell, taste, touch & kinaesthetic feedback Cocktail party effect - auditory illusion |
| Sound | Sound is simply vibrating molecules of air that condense and rarefy. Is measured in units called decibels (dB) Tone is measure through Hertz - Hz |
| Waves of Moment-to-moment air pressure changes | 1. Low Amplitude 2. High Amplitude 3. Low Frequency 4. High Frequency |
| Human Audition | Pitch: Psychological correlation of frequency - low pitch = low notes on piano, high pitch = high notes on P. Loudness: Psychological correlation of intensity - the larger the vibrations of the displaced air particles - the louder the sound Timbre: The quality of the sound - the complexity of sound eg. a conversation is made up of a complex range of sounds. Mixture of pitches determines complexity. |
| The Ear | External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear |
| External Ear | The Pinna (the Earlobe) the the ear canal (2cm Long) takes on the air pressure changes) Takes to sound to the middle ear (ME) |
| Middle Ear | Typanic Membrane (Ear Drum) Malleus, Incus, Stapes - The Bones (vibrate against the ear drum, the stapes pumps in and out of the oval window, the round window. The Eustachian tube permits equalisation of pressure on each side of the E drum. |
| Inner Ear/ Cochlear | - Cochlear is a 21/2 cm of coil made up of: -Scala Vestibuli - Scala Media - Scala Tympani - Basilar Membrane - Cochlear Neuron -Hair Cells |
| Basilar Membrane | Responds to the travelling waves caused by movement of fluid, this causes the hair cells to more (sensory cells) - allowing for the detection of particular cells. The tectorial membrane on the cilia of the basilar membrane causes a shearing action. |
| Basilar Membrane | The Basilar membrane is in a coil type shape, and has an apex (which is wide and 'floppy') and a base (which is narrow and stiff - base of the cochlear). This allows for a larger range of vibrations to be heard in terms of their pitch and frequency. |
| Tectorial Membrane | |
| Hair Cell | Movement of the tip links causes the ion channels to open, causing an action potential - as there is a change in the RMP. |
| Attentuation Reflex | 'Stiffens up' little bones, to stop them from moving so wildly when there is a sudden loud noise. The tensor typani & stapedius muscle contract to stop the bone s from moving so wildly, mostly at low frequencies and when there is a lot of sound |
| Hearing Difficulties | 'Blue Ear' Loss of language and communication - leading to depression as it limits connections with the social world HL isn't noticed until 30% of hair cells are dead Not using protection causes noise induced hearing loss Speech in children - educational limits, job prospects Tinnitus |
| Cochlear Impant | Nothing will replace normal hearing, but it stimulates the nerves so that sound is heard. |
| The Psychology of Hearing | Cognition: Role of language in shaping our perceptions Categorical Perception: Higher level - can hear across across boundaries - speech synthesis sounds (Pa vs. Ba) - PHonetic Boundary (hearing withing boundary - no perceptual changes, hearing across boundary - diff. phonemes are heard) McGurk Effect - Auditory illusion (what we see overrides what we hear) |
| Sound Localisation | Interaural Intensity Difference: where the sound originated Interaural Time Difference: How far away the sound is Pinna Effect: Point to where the sound is coming from, softer in one ear than the other |
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