Muscles

Question	Answer
2 basic types of muscle?	Striated and smooth
2 types of striated muscle are?	cardiac and skeletal
The organisation of muscle is	hierarchical
A muscle cell is called a	myofibril
Myofibril is composed of what two types of filaments?	Thick and thin
The thick filament is composed of	myosin
The thin filament is composed of	actin.
The myosin binding site is covered by	tropomyosin.
A sarcomere is a basic unit of	muscle.
In a contracted muscle the .......shortens	sarcomere
The shortening has occurred by the ....and....sliding past each other.	actin and myosin.
How does this sliding occur?	There is an interaction between the myosin and the actin fillaments.
The interation is due to the ........heads.	myosin
The cross bridge cycle is when the ?	Myosin heads attach rotate detach
Which steps of the cross bridge cycle require ATP?	Cross bridge detachment and reattachment.
In rigor mortis there is no....available.	ATP
The crossbridge cycle causes actin and myosin to slide past each other. This is known as the ......................of muscle contraction	sliding filament theory
Which two proteins regulate the sliding filament processes?	Troponin Tropomyosin
In order to regulate the sliding filament processes, these proteins require the presence of ?	calcium ions
Calcium ions are released from the intracellular stores within the?	Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Muscle contraction is regulated by ?	Ca2+, troponin, tropomyosin.
What type of tubules run from the muscle fibre surface to the deeper portions of the muscle fibre?	Transverse
A single contraction is known as a	muscle twitch
A muscle twitch lasts about	50-100 milliseconds.
Tetanic contractions?	Increased frequency of stimulation produces higher levels of muscle tension (force). At increased frequencies, tetanus becomes more fused.
The length of the muscle fibres is also important. This is known as the .....	Length-tension relationship.
Two much overlap of the sarcomeres results in .....force generated.	less
Optimum overlap of the sarcomeres results in .....force generation.	good
Less overlap of the sarcomeres results in .....force generation.	less
Which type of muscle is multinucleated?	Skeletal
Which type of muscle has irregular, branched shaped muscle cells?	cardiac
Which type of muscle cell is non-striated?	smooth
Which type of muscle cells contract under voluntary control?	Skeletal
Which types of muscle contract under involuntary control?	cardiac and smooth
Which muscle cells are autorhythmic?	cardiac
Which muscle cells are found in the walls of hollow organs?	smooth
Which muscle cells are elongated, cylindrical cells?	skeletal
Which muscle type has adjacent cells which are joined by intercalated discs?	cardiac
The functional unit of contraction is called the	sarcomere.
Muscle contraction steps.	Nerve impulse results in a release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This binds to the receptors resulting in a muscle action potential. Which travels down the transverse tubule to sarcoplasmic reticulum. This results in the release of calcium ions which bind to troponin, which then exposes the binding sites for myosin. Myosin heads then bind to actin using ATP. They swivel and release. The thin filament is then pulled towards the centre of the sarcomere.

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	Created by Morgan Morgan over 10 years ago