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Flashcards by Courtney Judd, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Courtney Judd
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are social norms and how are they formed? | -A generally accepted way of feeling, thinking, or acting. -Can be formed by smaller groups, and are group-specific. |
| What are the two types of social norms? | Descriptive Injunctive *They can either be different or the same. |
| What are descriptive norms? | What people actually think, feel, or do. Ex. We actually treat people different based on various things. |
| What are injunctive norms? | What people think you should think, feel, or do. Ex. We should treat everyone equally. |
| What reason do people have for conforming? | -Gaining acceptance ex. Ashe's Line Experiment -You actually believe what the group is doing is right. Ex. Sheriff's Conformity Experiment. |
| What is Sheriff's Conformity Experiment? | People came to his lab and performed a task. Asked to gauge how much distance a dot had traveled on a screen. Afterward he brought people in groups of 3 and had them do the same thing. Now they all answered more similarly than before. |
| What are the two types of conformity? | -Public Conformity -Private Conformity |
| What is public conformity? | When your overt behavior matches the social norm, but your actual attitude toward the social norm isn't that social norm. Ex. Rooting for a college team you don't typically root for because you are in their team section. |
| What is private conformity? | True conformity; When you conform even when no one else is around. Ex. Rooting for Virginia Tech football games, and still watching the game on TV and root for them when it is raining and no one is around. |
| What was the BoBo Doll Experiment and who conducted it? | -Albert Bandura Children that had watched an adult beat up a doll were more likely to act violently toward the doll when left alone. *Leads us to believe that when we watch someone do something it can influence our behavior (Social Learning Theory) |
| Why do people value social norms (3)? | -People are motivated to reach a consensus >Helps avoid arguments >People hate to be wrong -To build a sense of belonging -Social Learning Theory |
| What is the False-Consensus Effect? | People tend to overestimate the extent to which others will agree with their view of the world. |
| What is Normative Influence? | The process by which group norms are privately accepted to achieve connectedness and valued social identity. |
| How do social norms impact people? | The reference group you pick matters a lot for what social norms actually predict. |
| What are the negative effects of social norms (3)? | -Idea that your group has a certain stereotype or prejudice because they are a part of that social norm, you conform to them. -Pluralistic Ignorance -Group Think |
| What is pluralistic ignorance? | When everyone publicly conforms to a social norm, but no one privately conforms to it. Ex. When a teacher asks if there are any questions and no one speaks up but everyone is confused. |
| What is Group Think? | When group members are more concerned with reaching a consensus rather than making a good decision. Ex. Challenger Shuttle - Leader discounted what the engineer thought was the best and the shuttle exploded. *Doesn't have to have a negative outcome. |
| How do you avoid Group Think (4)? | -Value open inquiry (consider other options) -Consider all available evidence -Encourage other people to go against the consensus and provide examples that don't fit. -Minimize the value of the leader and instead encourage all members to contribute. |
| What is interdependency? | When someone is somewhat reliant on a group for something. |
| How does the presence of other people effect performance (3)? | -Dependent on the task -Social Facilitation -Social Inhibition |
| What is Social Facilitation? | If you are already good at something, you will perform better when others are around. This is because there is accountability for the individual. |
| What is Social Inhibition? | If you are already bad at something, you will perform worse when others are around. This is because there is no accountability for the individual. |
| Who was fascinated with cycling which led to an observation regarding what? | Norman Triplett Noticed other people didn't perform as well alone as they did with others. (Social Facilitation) |
| What is social loafing? | When there are other group members around, people will perform less than if they were performing by themselves. You're diffusing the responsibility onto other people. There's no accountability for the individual. Ex. Max Ringelman Experiment |
| What was the experiment Max Ringelmann was responsible for? | -Social Loafing experiment Brought in people and had them pull a rope. He brought them either alone or in groups. In groups, people didn't put in nearly as much effort. *If individual contributions were measured, social loafing disappeared. |
| What is the prisoner's dilemma? | If you both snitch - both go to jail for 5 yrs. If 1 snitches - snitch is free, other jail for 20. If neither snitch - both jail for 1 year *Task to see when people will cooperate. |
| For the Prisoner's Dilemma, what is the best strategy and what makes people more likely to cooperate? | Best strategy: to do to others what they do to you. People are twice as likely to cooperate if you change the name from "Prisoner's Dilemma" to "Community Game". |
| What is the Evolutionary Theory regarding cooperation? | Oxytocin helps you build connections between people. When you cooperate with others, the level of oxytocin increases. This makes you more likely to cooperate in the future. |
| What three factors play into the Prisoner's Dilemma (cooperation)? | -Social Norms -Personality Ex. o Competitive people are more likely to snitch. o If you’re cooperative you’re more likely to stay silent until the other person snitches on you. -Culture Ex. o Collectivist cultures are more likely to cooperate among friends and compete amongst strangers. o Individualistic cultures are more likely to compete than collectivist cultures with friends, but less likely to compete than collectivist cultures with strangers. |
| What is aggression? | A hostile action with intent to harm someone else physically or psychologically. |
| What are examples of aggression? | -Physical aggression hurts someone physically. -Passive aggression hurts their sense of belonging. -Spreading rumors about someone can cause psychological harm. |
| What is conflict? | Perceived incompatibility of competing goals between two or more parties. -Caused by a disagreement -Both goals cannot be accomplished |
| What are the two types of aggression? | -Instrumental Aggression -Hostile Aggression |
| What is instrumental aggression? | The aggression has an outcome or desire (using aggression to get what you want) Ex. Pro: You get a better grade Con: Your friends get mad at you -You weigh the pros and cons to see if aggression is worth it. |
| What is hostile aggression? | -Driven by anger and usually starts due to responding to threats -If someone responds with aggression there are individual differences based on self-esteem. -Leads to an increase in ability to have cognitive functions which leads to more hostile behavior. |
| Alcohol consumption does what? | Affects ability to think systematically which hampers cognitive functioning which leads to more immediate thinking which leads to aggression. Alcohol is a factor in 2/3 of all homicides and 1/3 of all assaults. |
| Time pressure can cause what? | Things like deadlines reduce our ability to think completely and make rational decisions. It also increases our reliance on mental heuristics. |
| What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law? | There is a relationship between arousal and performance. |
| What did Muzafer Sherif do? | He conducted experiments on conformity. Social Judgment Theory (The perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes.) |
| What are the six social influence principles? | 1) Reciprocation 2) Social Proof 3) Commitment and Consistency 4) Liking 5) Authority 6) Scarcity |
| What is reciprocation? | People feel indebted to those who do something for them, or give them a gift. |
| What is social proof? | When people are unsure of what to do, they tend to look around them to guide their decisions and actions. |
| What is commitment and consistency? | People don't like to back out of deals. People strive for consistency in their commitments. |
| What is liking (ingratiation)? | People like to say yes to those they know and like. People are more like to favor those that are physically attractive, similar to themselves, or who give them compliments. |
| What is authority? | Giving the appearance of authority increases the likelihood of compliance to requests. |
| What is scarcity? | The more uncommon, the more people want it. |
| Brian is an avid Patriots Fan, what explains Brian's sudden increase in mood and self-esteem after the Patriots defeated the Dolphins 36-7 | Basking in reflective glory. |
| What would not remind people about the groups they are in? | Self-categorizing yourself as a member of the group. |
| What is a reason out-group members are created? | to preserve cognitive resources. |
| What is Social identity? | Aspects of self-concept derived from an individual's knowledge and feelings about their group membership shared with others. |
| What is coherence? | The first price established shapes both future and present prices. |
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