3981937
Description
Flashcards by JoseFINE Capolingua, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by JoseFINE Capolingua
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| (5) Functions of the Skeleton. | 1. Protect. 2. Support. 3. Produce blood. 4. Stores essential minerals. 5. Movement. |
| (3) Types of Bones. | 1. Flat Bones. (pelvic girdle) 2. Long Bones. (femur, humerus) 3. Irregular Bones. (cranium) |
| Axial Skeleton. | Central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton. Protects vital organs. Skull, vertebral column and ribs (thorax). |
| Appendicular Skeleton. | Bones that assist with movement. The limbs or the body. |
| Bone Structure. | Hollow. Contain bone marrow. Allow muscles to attach. |
| The Vertebral Column. | 7 cervical vertebrae (neck). 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest). 5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back). 5 sacral vertebrae (sacrum). Coccyx. |
| (5) Functions of the Muscular System. | 1. Produce movement. 2. Maintain bodily functions. 3. Maintain posture. 4. Stabilise joints. 5. Generate heat. |
| (3) Types of Muscles. | 1. Voluntary. 2. Involuntary. 3. Cardiac. |
| Voluntary Muscles. | Skeletal muscles. Moved voluntarily. Movement. |
| Involuntary Muscles. | Involuntary movement, cannot be controlled. Bodily functions. |
| Cardiac Muscle. | Can contract rapidly. Contraction is involuntary. Heart rate. |
| Muscle Movement. | Muscles attached to bones. When the muscle contracts it pulls the bone and movement occurs. |
| Muscle Fibres. (2) Types. | Skeletal muscles made of two main muscle fibres. 1. Slow twitch (red) fibres. 2. Fast twitch (white) fibres. |
| Slow Twitch (red) Fibres. | Contract repeatedly for prolonged periods. Do not fatigue easily. Endurance activities. |
| Fast Twitch (white) Fibres. | Larger than red fibres. Generate greater force. Powerful contractions. Active during change of pace/stop and go activities. |
| (3) Major Joints. | 1. Synovial. 2. Cartilaginous. 3. Fibrous. |
| Fibrous Joints. | Immoveable, they are fixed. Function: protection. |
| Cartilaginous Joints. | Occur where bones connect. Made up of cartilage. Small movement possible. |
| Synovial Joints. (6) Types of Synovial Joints. | Most common joint in body. Freely moveable. 1. Gliding. 2. Ball and Socket. 3. Hinge. 4. Saddle. 5. Pivot. 6. Ovoid. |
| Gliding Joint. | Bone surfaces flat. Movement possible in linear directions. Two surfaces slide over each other. Carpal bones in wrist. |
| Ball and Socket Joint. | "Ball" of one joint fits into "cup" of the other. Allows for circumduction. Hip and shoulder joints. |
| Hinge Joint. | Movement in only one plane. Extension and Flexion. Knee, elbow, fingers and toes. |
| Saddle Joint. | Two joints fit together like a rider on a saddle. Creates bending motions in several directions. Carpal and metacarpal bones in thumb. |
| Pivot Joint. | One bone (ring shaped), pivots around another. Turning motions. Radius and ulna twist around each other. |
| Ovoid Joint. | Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction. Carpals of wrist and radius. |
| Anatomical Position. | Reference position from which all other movements occur. Standing, feet together, hands by side, head, eyes and palms facing forwards. |
| Posterior and Anterior. | Posterior: behind the reference point of a structure. Anterior: in front of the reference point of a structure. |
| Superior and Inferior. | Superior: above the reference point of a structure. Inferior: below the reference point of a structure. |
| Medial and Lateral. | Medial: towards the midline of a structure. Lateral: away from the midline of a structure. |
| Proximal and Distal. | Proximal: closer to the attachment point of a limb. Distal: further away from the attachment point of a limb. |
| Superficial and Deep. | Superficial: surface of a structure. Deep: away from the surface of a structure. |
| (12) Movements at Joints. | 1. Flexion. 2. Extension. 3. Rotation. 4. Circumduction. 5. Supination. 6. Pronation. 7. Dorsi Flexion. 8. Plantar Flexion. 9. Abduction. 10. Adduction. 11. Eversion. 12. Inversion. |
| Flexion and Extension. | Flexion: joint angle decreases. Extension: joint angle increases. |
| Rotation. | A part turning on it's axis. |
| Circumduction. | Circular movement of a limb. |
| Supination and Pronation. | Supination: turning/rolling outwards. Pronation: turning/rolling inwards. |
| Dorsi and Plantar Flexion. | Dorsi Flexion: decreasing angle at ankle joint (toes to knees). Plantar Flexion: increasing angle at ankle joint (pointing toes). |
| Abduction and Adduction. | Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction: movement towards the midline of the body. |
| Eversion and Inversion. | Eversion: moving foot outwards at the ankle. Inversion: moving foot inwards at the ankle. |
| Antagonist Pairs. | Muscles that have opposite actions to each other in a desired movement. When one contracts the other relaxes. |
| Agonist. | The prime mover, involved in producing the movement. |
| Antagonist. | Relaxes, allows a controlled movement to take place. |
| Origin and Insertion. | Origin: bone attached to origin of muscle, does not move when muscle contracts, proximal end. Insertion: bone attached to insertion of muscle, moves more when muscle contracts, distal end. |
| Sliding Filament Theory. List the (3) Steps. | Method by which muscles contract. 1. Impulse at junction causes chemical reaction. 2. Myosin attach to actin forming a crossbridge. 3. Myosin and actin slide across each other, the muscle contracts and movement is created. |
| Myofibril. | Rod-like unit of a muscle. Muscle fibres that run along muscles. |
| Actin and Myosin. | Found in myofibrils. Create movement by sliding across each other. Actin: creates movement. Myosin: converts chemical energy to ATP. |
| Crossbridge. | Attachment of actin and myosin. |
| (3) Planes of the Body. | 1. Coronal: cuts front and back. (abduction/adduction) 2. Sagital: cuts left and right. (flexion/extension) 3. Transversal: cuts up and down. (rotation) |
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