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| Question | Answer |
| where is our blind spot | where our optic nerve is |
| where do the ganglion fibres in the retina leave to? | the optic nerve |
| what is the point where the optic nerve may sometime cross over to the other hemisphere? | optic chiasm |
| what are the nerves now know as once they've passed the optic chiasm? | optic tract |
| full form of LGN | Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
| what kind of structure is the LGN & where does it receive its' input from? | bilateral -- from both the right & left eye, but their information is kept seperate |
| what are the LGN's receptive fields like? | same as ganglion cells' & have centre-surround antagonism |
| what is V1 | primary visual cortex |
| where is it located? | at the very back of the brain, as far away from the eyes as you can get |
| what are the two ways the V1 is organised? | retinotopic mapping & cortical magnification |
| what is RM? | where the retinal image received from whats' going on in the retina is mapped out - objects close together in the scene are analysed by neighbouring components |
| what is CM? | refers to how much of the cortex is devoted to representing different parts of the retinal field |
| which part of the retina is represented the most/by the largest area of the cortex? | fovea (8%-10%) |
| true or false: V1 cells do not have a baseline activity | false |
| what stimulus do the receptive fields of V1 cells respond to? who found this? | (moving) lines or edges, not spots -- Hubel & Wiesel |
| what is orientation selectivity | when the receptive fields are particular about the orientation of the stimulus they respond to & causes them to fire |
| what are the 3 types of V1 cells with receptive fields? | simple cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells |
| what is the organisation of the simple cells' receptive field like? | same as ganglion with discriminate regions, but elongated like a square or rectangle |
| what is orientation tuning | where orientation-tuned neurons give their best response to their preferred orientation, but also respond to other similar orientation |
| do simple cells display orientation tuning? | yes |
| what stimulus do the receptive fields of complex cells respond to? | particular orientation AND direction of movement -- the lines need to be moving & in motion |
| organisation of RF in complex cells | not discrete regions |
| what do they respond best to & least to? | horizontal and move downwards, vertical & move upwards |
| what are hypercomplex cells also known as? | end-stopped cells |
| what are their requirements for a stimulus that makes them fire? | particular orientation, direction of movement and length |
| will a hypercomplex cell respond to a stimulus that is moving in the preferred direction, is or preferred orientation, but longer than preferred? | nope |
| At least how many other areas are there that process visual info? | 30 |
| what are the specialisations of v3, v4 & v5? | v3 = form, v4 = colour, v5 = motion |
| what are the areas like in terms of their relationship with each other? | interconnected with no simple separation of function |
| what are the two types of processing stream for visual processing beyond V1? | dorsal pathway up to the posterior parietal lobe, ventral pathway down to the inferior temporal lobe |
| what is the 'ventral' stream known as? | 'what' stream (temporal) - allows us to tell what something is by recognising it & discriminating between objects |
| what is the dorsal visual stream known as? function? | 'where' stream (parietal) - know where objects are & aid with visually guided actions like not bumping into others in a corridor |
| what is the dorsal stream also known as? | 'how' stream due to its role in visually guided actions |
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