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Description
Flashcards by Molly Macgregor, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Molly Macgregor
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the Kinetic theory? | The idea that all molecules and ions are constantly moving. Explains how substances can exist in different states |
| What is an ion and what are the two types? | Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons Cation = + (Na+) Anion = - (Cl-) |
| Define the following terms; Molecule Matter | Molecule = Two or more atoms which have been chemically combined (CO2) Matter = All material that exists is composed of small particles |
| Define the following terms; Atom | Atom = A basic unit of matter with the same number of protons as electrons. |
| Define the following terms; Proton | Protons = Are found in the nucleus of atom and they have a positive charge |
| Define the following terms; Electron | Electron = Orbit the nucleus and they have a negative charge |
| What is diffusion? | Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. This is also referred to as the movement of a substance down a concentration gradient. |
| 1. Do molecules diffuse in all directions equally? 2. During diffusion in a cell, what substance moves in and what substance moves out? | 1. Yes 2. Oxygen moves into the cell and carbon dioxide moves out |
| What are the three main techniques that help us study physiological psychology? | 1. Invasive techniques 2. Clinical observation 3. Neuroimaging |
| Name and define 3 invasive techniques | 1. Ablation - The removal of an area of the brain 2. Transection - The destruction of pathways connecting brain areas 3. Stimulation - Inter-cranial stimulation - electrodes are inserted into the brain and a stimulus can be applied / or Cannulas which is where a fine glass tube is inserted allowing substances to be added into the brain tissue or removed for analysis |
| What is clinical observation and give two example | Examining and observing individuals with brain injuries or diseases Phineas Gage Tan - damage to the left frontal cortex, Broccas area |
| What are the Neuroimaging techniques? | 1. CT or CAT scan 2. PET scan 3. MRI 4. FMRI 5. EEG 6. MEG 7. TMS |
| What is a CAT / CT scan ? | Computerised Axial Tomography combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body. The amount of X-rays absorbed is dependant on the density of the tissue. An image can be built up based on amount of absorption / transmission |
| What are the negatives of CT / CAT scans? | - Harmful, cannot x-ray someone without a valid reason - Cannot give someone multiple x-rays as risk increases |
| What is a PET scan? | Positron Emission Topography ppt's are given a radioactive substance (often glucose) which emits particles called positrons E.g Brain cells use glucose as their energy supply, so the more active a region of the brain is, the , more glucose it will use. By capturing photons emitted an image of diff activity levels in brain. |
| What are the positives and negatives of PET scans? | + Measures more than just structure ( i.e. activity) - Costly due to short shelf life of substances and therefore must be made onsite - Cannot repeatedly PET scan someone as risk increases each time |
| What is an MRI scan? | Magnetic Resonance Imaging Relies on some molecules (protons) acting as mini magnets when places in strong magnetic field. When stimulated with radio waves they emit signals. Signals differ from each type of tissue. |
| What are the positives of an MRI scan? | + Provides very detailed diagnostic pictures of most of the important organs and tissues in your body, enormous anatomical detail. + Can be repeated |
| What is EEG? | Electroencephalography - Electrodes are placed on the scalp and record changes in voltage -Event related potentials (ERP'S) (McKinney et al 2009 research) |
| What is FMRI? | Functional MRI scans use same technique as MRI but can measure changes in blood flow / oxygen uptake in tissues. Gives more detail of physiological processes and brain activity during tasks. |
| What is MEG? | Magnetoencephalography Records flow of current along neuronal pathways using very sensitive magnetic field detectors. |
| What is TMS? | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Magnets are applied to outside of the skull to change neuronal activity inside. |
| Hydrophilic means...? | POLAR Soluble in water Phosphate |
| Hydrophobic means...? | NON POLAR Not soluble in water Lipid |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. |
| What are the types of movement of substances in and out of a cell? | Active - Active transport Passive - Diffusion and osmosis |
| What is active transport? | Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient - and therefore require an input of energy from the cell. |
| What are the two types of diffusion which can occur? | Simple Diffusion - Therefore, simple diffusion is the unassisted passage of small, hydrophobic, non-polar molecules from higher concentration to a lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion - is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| What is Osmosis? | The movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane |
| Units of measure... | µm = micrometre e.g width of a cell / neuron cm = length of a brain lobe mm - width of a spinal cord nerve Nanometres - Width of a synapse or cell membrane |
| What are the two types of microscope? | Light microscope Electron microscope ; SEM ( scanning) and TEM ( transmission ) |
| Cell membrane proteins; Receptors Channels Transporters Enzymes | |
| What are the 6 levels of organisation by Tortora & Grabowski? | 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. System level 6. Organismal level |
| Describe the features of a voluntary muscle and where they can be found | Voluntary muscle, skeletal, striped, striated Long cylindrical cells containing many nuclei. Has stripes (striations). Location - attached to skeleton by tendons Function - contracts when stimulated by a motor neurone ( contraction for voluntary movement) |
| Describe the features of a involuntary muscle and where they can be found | Involuntary muscle, visceral, smooth -Flat cells found in sheets -No stripes Location - Intestines, iris, blood vessels, bladder Function - Propulsion of substances along internal passageways ( contracts under control of ANS) |
| Describe the features of a cardiac muscle and where they can be found | Individual cells, striped, individual nuclei, connected by cross branches. Location - Heart (myocardium) Function - Contract stimulus is myogenic ( muscle has its own pacemaker tissue) and neurogenic ( controlled by ANS sympathetic and para sympathetic neurones, aka pumping of blood |
| What does the motor neuron do? | Also known as the Efferent neuron, it carries impulses from CNS to the muscles or glands |
| What is a sensory neuron? | Also known as an afferent neuron, it carries impulses from sensory receptors to CNS |
| What is an interneuron? | Also known as connector / relay neurons, they are found in the CNS and carry impulses from one neurone to another |
| What is homeostasis? | Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment. Occurs due to the ceaseless interplay of all the bodys regulatory processes. |
| What is an organ? | A collection of tissues that perform a particular function, i.e. brain or adrenal gland |
| What are the factors required for life? | - Oxygen - A source of nutrients ( glucose for energy, proteins for growth / repair ) - Removal of waste products - Temperature - Water ( osmotic pressure) - PH |
| What is nervous tissue? | Nervous tissue is specialised to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissue (as in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body) are all made up of neurons |
| What are glial cells? | Glial cells, sometimes called neuroglia or simply , are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. These include Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocystes. |
| What is negative feedback? | Occurs when a response produces a change when opposes the direction of the original stimulus. E.g temperature goes up, triggering sweating and vasodilation which then produce a fall in temp |
| What is a positive feedback loop? | Positive feedback is the process in which an initial change will bring about an additional change in the same direction |
| What is the endocrine system? | A collection of glands which use negative feedback to control the production and action of hormones. Integration between the nervous and endocrine systems control homoeostasis. |
| What is the difference between eukaryote and prokaryote? | |
| What does the nucleus do? | It controls all cell activities. It contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a long strand of DNA. DNA codes for genes, which is written in chemical letters. Genes are templates for constructing proteins ( contains instructions for putting together protein molecules from amino acids. |
| What is the role of DNA and the genes? | DNA controls protein synthesis ( i.e which proteins a cell produces) Gene = a small portion of DNA that controls formation of a particaular protein. Production occurs in the ER. To have an effect on the phenotype, a gene must actually be used to make the protein it codes for = gene expression |
| Describe gene expression | Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. A cell does not use every gene to make a proteins, almost every cell contains some genes, but different cells express different selections of genes GENES ARE EITHER EXPRESSED OR SILENCED. |
| What is the difference between mono zygotic and dizygotic? | |
| What are the two processes involved in protein synthesis? | Transcription - a small portion of DNA is copied into RNA Translation - The instructions on RNA are translated into new proteins formed by the ribosomes. |
| Describe smooth ER and rough ER | Smooth ER - Formation of steroids and fatty acids. Inactivates or de-oxifies drugs. It stores and releases calcium in the muscle cells. Rough ER - contains ribosome s. It is the site of protein synthesis. |
| What is the golgi complex? | It accepts proteins from the rough ER. Molecules are then modified and processed. They are packed into vesicles which then move through the cell. |
| Describe mitochondria... | The site of internal respiration energy release in the cell. Contains enzymes which regulate aerobic respiration. Formation of ATP. Contains lipid bilayer with many folds called Cristae for a large surface area. |
| How are vesicles formed? | Endocytosis - Plasma membrane captures substances (engulfs) in vesicles and brings them to the cell Exocytosis - Vesicles move to cell edge and fuse with membrane. |
| What are lysosomes? | An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing proteolytic enzymes enclosed in a membrane. Autolysis - When lysosomes breaks their enzyme then digests that cell Phagocytosis - Method by which some WB engulf then destroy foreign particles using lysosomes |
| How is the sperm cell ( spermatozoa) relate structure to function? | |
| How do red blood cells relate structure to function? | Small size Lets red blood cells pass through narrow capillaries Flattened disc shape Provides a large surface area, allowing rapid diffusion of oxygen Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the rest of the body Does not contain a nucleus Increases amount of space inside the cell for haemoglobin |
| Describe simple epithelial tissue | Single layer of flat squamous cells Location - the heart, blood vessels and alveoli Function - to facilitate diffusion, they provide smallest distances so substances can pass through |
| Describe compound epithelial tussue... | Multiple layer of cells. Basal layer cells divide to produce new ones. Their main function is to provide protection. Location - skin, mouth |
| What is ciliated simple columnar epithelium? | Single layer of ciliated column shaped cells Small bronchiole oviducts Function - Movement of mucus |
| What category of tissue does blood belong to and what is its function? | CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Consists of plasma and formed elements (ethroocytes, leucocyes and thrombocytes) RBC, WBC, Platelets. Location - within blood vessels and chamber of heart Function - Transport and protection |
| What is connective tissue? | Extracellular matrix made up of collagen or elastic / ground substance ( the material between the cells and fibres). There are different types of cells in different connective tissue e.g adipocytes / ethrocytes |
| What is bone and which family of tissue is it from? | CONNECTIVE TISSUE Contains bone cells, osteocytes and ground substances including calcium phosphate. Function - Support, protection and storage. |
| Adipose tissue | CONNECTIVE TISSUE Consists mainly of fat cells (adipose cells). Each adipocyte cell is filled with a single large droplet of triglyceride (fat). As this occupies most of the volume of the cell, its cytoplasm, nucleus, and other components are pushed towards the edges of the cell. Location - sub cutaneous layer, also surrounding vital organs Function - Insulation and energy storage. |
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