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| Question | Answer |
| Personality | The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave. |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | -Sigmund Freud -People change over time. -Past experiences shape who we are. -We are not always aware of why we do the things we do. |
| Preconscious Mind | -Sigmund Freud -Information is available but not currently conscious |
| Conscious Mind | -Sigmund Freud -Level aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions. |
| Unconscious Mind | -Sigmund Freud -Level in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept. |
| Id | -Focused on immediate gratification and survival -Present at birth |
| Superego | -Contains the conscience, provides sense of right and wrong. |
| Ego | -The "I" caught in the middle. -Reality principle: satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result. |
| Examples of Defense Mechanisms | -Denial -Repression -Rationalization -Projection -Reaction Formation -Displacement -Regression -Identification -Compensation -Sublimation |
| Erogenous Zone | -Area of the body that produces pleasurable feelings, becomes important and can become the source of conflicts. |
| Fixation | -Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage. |
| Electra Complex | -Girls fighting for affection from their fathers with their mothers becoming their rivals. |
| Latency Stage | -Sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways. |
| Carl Jung | -Developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious -Collective unconscious: the memories shared by all members of the human species. |
| Alfred Adler | -Proposed the driving force behind all human endeavors, emotions, and thoughts was the seeking of superiority -Birth order |
| Karen Horney | -Developed a theory based on basic anxiety; replacing the concept of penis envy with "womb" envy. |
| Erik Erikson | -Developed theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span. |
| Self-Efficacy | -An individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem) |
| Bandura's Reciprocal Determinsim | Explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior |
| Rotter's Social Learning THoery | -Based on principle of motivation. |
| Self-actualization Tendency | -The striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities. |
| Self-concept | -The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life. |
| Gordon Allport | -Traits found in personality. -200 traits; wired into the nervous system. |
| Raymond Cattell | -Surface Traits: aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person -Source Traits: the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality. -Identified 16 source traits with a computer method called factor analysis -16PF |
| Five-Factor Moder | -Openness: try new things. -Conscientiousness: thoughtfulness of others. -Extraversion: intro-/extroverts -Agreeableness: emotional style of a person. -Neuroticism: emotional stability/instability. |
| Behavioral Assessments | -Behaviorist assumes personality is merely habitually learned responses to stimuli. |
| Interview | -Personality assessment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer, either in an unstructured or semistructured interview. |
| Personality Inventory | Paper-and-pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking test. |
| MMPI-2-RF | Designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality |
| Projective Tests | -Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. |
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