French Revolution

Question	Answer
When did the revolution start?	1789
what was the Estates General?	Representatives from all three estates. Meeting to make decisions
What was the tennis court oath?	It was people mostly from the 3rd estates who vowed not to leave (the tenniscourt) until a more just constitution was in place.
What was the storming of the Bastille?	July 14th 1789. The storming of the Bastille is by many seen as the start of the revolution and has a big symbolic value since they saw is as a blow toward tyranny and a step closer to freedom. It’s when people went to the prison (The Bastille) in search for weapons since they’d heard that the king would hit back on the people of Paris by force. At first the guards would not let them in, and opened fire on the crowd. In the following battle many people were killed. At last the crowd broke through the defences, killed the commander and five other guards and released some of the prisoners .
What were the revolts in Paris and on the countryside?	Because of the famine among the third estate, starving peasants roamed the country or flocked the towns. They unleashed their fury on nobles who were trying to reimpose medieval dues, attacked the homes of nobles, set fire to the manor records, and stole grin from storehouses. They demonstrated their anger with an unjust regime. The group “the guards” was the first to wear the tricolour. More radical groups In Paris, like the Paris Commune, replaced the government of the city. It could mobilize whole neighbourhoods for protests or violent action to further the revolution. Newspapers and political clubs (some even more radical than the Commune) grew everywhere. Some demanded an end to the monarchy and spread scandalous rumours about the royal family and the members of the court.
What were the four phases of the revolution?	The moderate phase- 1789-1791 (of the national assembly). The Reign of terror- 1792-1794 (A period of escalating conflict and then). The Directory – 1795-1799(A period of reaction to the radical terror known as the directory). The Age of Napoleon- 1799-1815.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of man?	It was a first step towards a new constitution and was inspired by enlightenment thinkers and the American Declaration of Independence. It said that all male citizens was equal before the law, that all Frenchmen had the right to hold public office, it declared freedom of religion and that the people should pay taxes due to the ability to pay. The principles of the declaration were captured in the enduring slogan of the French revolution, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”.
What was the Woman march on Versailles?	The woman march on October 5th is when thousands of women started a march on Versailles. The king had been hesitant towards the reform, but still lived in luxury while his people starved. Therefore many people wanted to put pressure on the king. The people demanded to see the king on refused to leave without him. They wanted him to live in Paris. Ultimately the king gave in and would come to live the three following years under surveillance (as a prisoner). The women were also able to take all the grain from the king’s pantry.
What were the reactions outside France?	The revolution in France started debates all over Europe. Supporters of the Enlightenment ideas saw the events as something good. Nobles and rulers throughout Europe denounced the revolution. They increased border patrols to stop spread the “French plague”. Prussia and Austria issued the declaration of Pilnitz to protect the French monarchy. The Legislative assembly felt threatened by other powers and eager to spread the revolution declared war on Austria, Prussia and Britain.
What was the National Assembly?	Consisted of the 3rd estate and also of some enlightened nobles that wanted the reform. Later on they issued the declaration the rights of man. France turned into a constitutional monarchy (a king with limited power).
What was the Legislative Assembly?	A new legislative assembly had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace. Lawmakers would be elected by tax paying male citizens
What was the Directory?	A new government consisting of a five-man set-up by the constitution of 1795, a two house legislature elected by male citizens, who owned property. They were weak but very dictatorial and lined their own pockets insted of solving france's problems
Who was Robespierre?	He was the leader of the reign of terror; he ordered the execution of the nobles. He was the leader of the revolutionists. He thought that people that were against the revolution had to be met by violence.
What was the committee of public safety?	a twelve member committee which prepared France for a full out war.
• What was the Background of Napoleon?	Born on Corsica 1769 and was a minor noble. He was sent to military training in France as a boy. He decided to get the most out of it when the revolution started. Quickly rose in the army. Won victories that made him famous (Toulon, captured northern Italy, but failed in Egypt). He was a successful and popular general who the politicians planned to use in order to achieve their own goals. He helped creating order but also had other plans to gain control over France.
What reforms did he introduce?	He helped to overthrow the weak directory. He controlled the prices and encouraged new industry, and built roads and canals. HE set up a system of public schools under strict government control in order to ensure well-trained officers and officials. He made peace with the Catholic Church and kept it under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics. He encouraged émigrés to return to France, but only if they took an oath of loyalty. Napoleon recognized the peasants’ rights to lands they had bought from the church and the nobles during the revolution. The middle class accepted the economic reforms as well as the restoration of order after years of chaos. He also made jobs open to all talent. Something that was popular among those who remembered the old aristocratic monopoly of power. He also made a new law code, the Napoleonic Code.
What was the continental system?	The continental system was an economic warfare which closed the European ports to British goods. Britain responded with a blockade of European ports. A blockade keeps people and/or supplies from moving in or out. In the end the continental system didn’t work. It may have declined the British exports, but thanks to Britain’s strong navy, they could keep the trading routes to America and India open. At the same time, the restrictions caused a scarcity of goods in Europe, sent prices soaring and intensified resentment against French power.
What was the Napoleonic Code?	The Napoleonic Code was a new law code. It embodied enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before law, religious toleration and advancement based on merit. But it also undid some reforms of the French revolution. Women, for example, lost most of their newly gained rights and could not exercise the rights of citizenship. Male heads of households got complete authority over their wives and children. Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights.
Was Napoleon a man of the revolution? Why/why not?	No he was not. A true revolutionist would never have made himself emperor since that was one of the things the enlightenment ideas didn’t contain. He didn’t fight for equality for all, but for him to become as powerful as possible and make thing the best they could be for him.
• What was the chief goal of the congress?	They wanted to create lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy. To make sure the power was balanced, they made a new map. They kept the system of monarchy to repress revolutions that could occur in the future.
Who was Metternich?	Full name was Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria. He was a dominant figure at the congress and wanted to restore the things to the way they were.
What do we mean with a balance of power and why was it important?	A balance of power was to make sure France couldn’t do something like this again, so they redrew the map and ringed France with strong countries. Balanced power would mean that there wasn’t a single country that ruled them all, and it was important in the way that this shouldn’t happen again.
 How should the countries of Europe be ruled according to the leaders at the congress?	According to the congress, the countries should be ruled by monarchs.
Who were included in the Quadruple Alliance?	Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain.

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