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Flashcards by bianquis16, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by bianquis16
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Rostral | A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal. |
| Caudal | A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal. |
| Ventral | A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal. |
| Dorsal | A directional term meaning toward the back of a four-legged animal. |
| Neuraxis | An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain. |
| Anterior | A directional term meaning toward the front. |
| Posterior | A directional term meaning toward the rear. |
| Superior | A directional term meaning toward the top. |
| Inferior | A directional term meaning toward the bottom. |
| Midline | An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves. |
| Ipsilateral | A directional term referring to structures on the same side of the midline. |
| Contralateral | A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides as the midline. |
| Medial | A directional term meaning toward the midline. |
| Lateral | A directional term meaning away from the midline. |
| Proximal | A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal. |
| Distal | A directional term meaning farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs. |
| Coronal/Frontal Section | An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. |
| Sagittal Section | An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline. |
| Midsagittal Section | A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves. |
| Horizontal/Axial/Transverse | An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom. |
| Meninges | The layers of membranes that cover the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the peripheral nerves. |
| Dura Mater | The outermost of the three layers of meninges; found in both the Central and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). |
| Arachnoid Layer | The middle layer of the meninges covering the Central Nervous System (CNS). |
| Pia Mater | The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the CNS and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). |
| Subarachnoid Space | A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that lies between the arachnoid and pia materlayers of the meninges in the Central Nervous System (CNS). |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | The special plasma-like fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space. |
| Ventricle | One of the four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| Choroid Plexus | The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| Central Canal | The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| Carotid Artery | One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain. |
| Vertebral Artery | One of the important blood vessels that enters the brain from the back of the skull. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body. |
| Spinal Cord | A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra. |
| Vertebral Column | The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord. |
| Cervical Nerve | One of eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head, neck, and arms. |
| Thoracic Nerve | One of twelve spinal nerves that serve the torso. |
| Lumbar Nerve | One of the five spinal nerves that serve the lower back and legs. |
| Sacral Nerve | One of the five spinal nerves that serve the backs of the legs and the genitals. |
| Coccygeal Nerve | The most caudal of the spinal nerves. |
| White Matter | An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons. |
| Gray Matter | An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies. |
| Dorsal Horns | Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons. |
| Ventral Horns | Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons. |
| Reflex | An involuntary action or response. |
| Patellar Reflex | The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh, causing the foot to kick. |
| Withdrawl Reflex | A spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain. |
| Hindbrain | The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. |
| Midbrain | The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and the forebrain, including the superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. |
| Forebrain | The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon. |
| Brainstem | The hindbrain and midbrain. |
| Medulla/Myelenephalon | The most caudal part of the hindbrain. |
| Pons | A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain that participates in the management of states of consciousness. |
| Cerebellum | A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans. |
| Nuclei | Collections of cell bodies that share a function. |
| Reticular Formation | A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal. |
| Metencephalon | The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum. |
| Cochlear Nucleus | A nucleus found in the pons that receives information about sound from the inner ear. |
| Vestibular Nucleus | A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from the sensory structures in the inner ear. |
| Raphe Nuclei | Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal. |
| Locus Coeruleus | A structure in the pons that participates in arousal. |
| Mesencephalon | Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and the forebrain. |
| Tectum | The "roof", or dorsal half, of the midbrain. |
| Tegmentum | The "covering" or ventral half of the midbrain. |
| Cerebral Aqueduct | The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles. |
| Periaqueductal Gray | Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain. |
| Red Nucleus | A structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum. |
| Substantia Nigra | Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain. |
| Superior Colliculi | A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinates visually guided movements and visual reflexes. |
| Inferior Colliculi | A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that processes auditory information. |
| Diencephalon | A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus. |
| Telencephalon | The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres. |
| Cerebral Hemispheres | One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telencephalon of the forebrain. |
| Thalamus | A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory. |
| Hypothalamus | A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system. |
| Pituitary Gland | A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones. |
| Basal Ganglia | A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement. Also known as the corpus striatum. |
| Caudate Nucleus | One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia. |
| Putamen | One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia. |
| Globus Pallidus | One of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia. |
| Subthalamic Nucleus | A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus, that is part of the basal ganglia. |
| Nucleus Accumbens | A small nucleus associated with the nasal ganglia known to be important in reward and addiction. Also known as the ventral striatum. |
| Limbic System | A collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior and learning. |
| Hippocampus | A structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories; part of the limbic system. |
| Amygdala | An almond-shaped structure int he rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system. |
| Cingulate Cortex | A segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum that is part of the limbic system. |
| Septal Area | An area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system. |
| Olfactory Bulb | A structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system. |
| Parahippocampal Gyrus | A fold of tissue near the hippocampus that of often included in the limbic system. |
| Mammillary Body | One of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system. |
| Fornix | A fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system. |
| Gyrus/Gyri | One of the "hills" on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex. |
| Sulcus/Sulci | A "valley" in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex. |
| Fissure | A large sulcus. |
| Granule Cell | A small type of cell found in layers II and IV of the cerebral cortex. |
| Pyramidal Cell | A large, triangular cell found in layers III and V of the cerebral cortex. |
| Lobe | One of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. |
| Frontal Lobe | The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus. |
| Central Sulcus | The fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex. |
| Parietal Lobe | One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; located between the frontal and occipital lobes. |
| Temporal Lobe | The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobe and rostral to the occipital lobe. |
| Lateral Sulcus | The fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. |
| Occipital Lobe | The most caudal love of the cortex; location of the primary visual cortex. |
| Cortex | The outer region of an organ or structure |
| Insula | The cortex located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes. Referred to as "the fifth lobe". |
| Longitudinal Fissure | The major fissure dividing the two cerebral hemispheres on the dorsal side of the brain. |
| Sensory Cortex | An area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of sensory information. |
| Motor Cortex | An area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of movement. |
| Association Cortex | An area of the cortex that does not process sensory or motor information directly but rather serves as a bridge between areas that do serve these functions. |
| Primary Visual Cortex | An area of the sensory cortex located within the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of visual information. |
| Primary Auditory Cortex | An area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information. |
| Postcentral Gyrus | The fold of parietal lobe tissue just caudal to the central sulcus; the location of the primary somatosensory cortex. |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | An area of the sonsory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, skin temperature, and pain. |
| Primary Motor Cortex | An area of the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command to the motor systems. |
| Precentral Gyrus | The fold of frontal lobe tissue just rostral to the central sulcus; the location of the primary motor cortex. |
| Association Cortex | Areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information. |
| Corpus Callosum | A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
| Anterior Commissure | A small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPC) | An area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior. |
| Orbitofrontal Cortex | An area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this area can produce some antisocial behavior. |
| Frontal Lobotomy | A surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain. |
| Broca's Area | An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production. |
| Somatic Nervous System | The peripheral nervous system (PNS) division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body. |
| Endocrine System | Glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood supply. |
| Cranial Nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
| Olfactory Nerve (I) | A cranial nerve carrying information about smell to the brain. |
| Optic Nerve (II) | A cranial nerve carrying information from the eyes to the brain. |
| Auditory Nerve (VIII) | A cranial nerve that carries information from the inner ear to the brain. |
| Oculomotor Nerve (III) | A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye. |
| Trochlear Nerve (IV) | A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye. |
| Abducens Nerve (VI) | A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye. |
| Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI) | A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the neck. |
| Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) | A cranial nerve responsible for movement of the tongue. |
| Trigeminal Nerve (V) | A cranial nerve that controls chewing movements and provides feedback regarding facial expression. |
| Facial Nerve (VII) | A cranial nerve that produces muscle movement in facial expressions and that carries taste information back to the brain. |
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) | A cranial nerve that manages both sensory and motor functions in the throat. |
| Vagus Nerve (X) | A cranial nerve that serves the heart, liver and digestive tract. |
| Mixed Nerve | Spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information. |
| Afferent Nerve | A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS. |
| Efferent Nerve | A nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS. |
| Dorsal Root Ganglion | A collection of cell bodies of afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord. |
| Biofeedback | A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system the coordinates arousal. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. |
| Enteric Nervous System | A division of the autonomic nervous system consisting of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system. |
| Sympathetic Chain | A string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and that communicate with target organs. |
| Natural Selection | The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully. |
| Fitness | The ability of an organism with one genetic makeup to reproduce more successfully that organisms with other types of genetic makeup. |
| Hominin | A primate in the family Hominidae, od which Homo sapiens is the only surviving member. |
| Chordates | The phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. Also known as vertebrates. |
| Homo sapiens | The species of modern humans. |
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