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Description
Flashcards by Cristelle Spaulding, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Cristelle Spaulding
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Altruism | Completely selfless helping with no expectation of reward |
| Prosocial Behaviour | Helping behaviour with the intention of benefitting another person, but can also be hope of reward in return |
| Why do people help? | Thoughts, feelings, perceptions of those in need, situational forces, internal motivations. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Evolutionary perspective as to why we help- to pass on genes |
| Kin Selection Theory and Inclusive Fitness Theory | - We are more likely to help a close relative rather than a distant or non relative - We are more likely to help younger relatives than older ones. |
| STUDY: Korchmaros & Kenny (2001) (supporting Kin selection and inclusive fitness theory) | Emotional closeness created a 0.63 probability of acting altruistically whereas genetic closeness created a 0.46. shows how genetic closeness and emotional closeness are key in deciding when to help. |
| STUDY: Wu, Cross, Wu, Cho, & Tey (2016) (Culture in helping mindset) | It was found that culture has an impact. in all situations, Taiwanese people would rather help their mother, whereas US citizens would help their spouse- collectivist vs individualist culture. |
| Gender difference in helping ability (evolutionary) | Men- capacity for faster action, stronger Women- providing nurture for offspring |
| Men and women are better helpers in different contexts: When do men and women help | Women: - offer emotional support and are better at forming bonds - tend to help specific people Men- tend to help more when there is personal risk/heroism involved - men are more likely to accept a false blame than women |
| Inclusive Fitness Theory | Inclusive fitness theory suggests that altruism among organisms who share a percentage of genes allows those genes to be passed on to subsequent generations |
| Kin Selection theory | Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism can look like altruistic behavior whose evolution is driven by kin selection |
| Kinship, Altruism and Aggression | Altruism and aggression can be linked- there is intention for both that overlap- both want survival of their genes and their relatives. This can lead an organism to behave aggressively. There must be limited resources, where one group's loss is another's win. e.g: bear protecting offspring (altruism) by attacking predators (aggression) |
| Social Exchange theory | Based on the mini-max principle and is related to behaviourism. We act based on rewards. These can be tangible or intangible things (e.g: social praise etc) |
| Negative state relief model | This is the idea that, as helping improves our own mood, the rewards we seek when helping is our a change in our own mood. |
| Similarity between evolutionary and social exchange approach | Although they have different focuses (distant drives versus proximal rewards), there is a similarity: Both think helping behavior is strategic and calculated and involves some kind of cost benefit analysis of the situation. |
| Empathy- Altruism Model | It was suggested that whether a person responds with helping behaviour depends on whether they feel empathy for the person and their situation - Dovidio et al- ppts helped more when they identified with the problem - Oceja et al- they manipulated high vs low empathy and more resources were given when empathy was high |
| Empathy vs no-empathy (according to the empathy altruism model) | If you don't feel empathy: you will only give help if it is in your interested to do so (social Exchange theory) If you do feel empathy: you will give help even if the cost outweighs the reward |
| Empathic Joy Hypothesis | Helpers enjoy the positive reactions they get from those that they help |
| Competitive Altruism Approach | Helpers enjoy the boost in social status they get from helping. |
| Reciprocal Altruism theory | People help in the hope that others will help them in return |
| Defensive Helping | People help the out-group to keep the in-group at a higher status and out-group dependent. |
| Kitty Genovese Case | Walking home, attacked by man. 38 people witnessed it and only 1 helped. Leads us to say that people withold help when it is needed the most. Why? |
| 'the bystander effect' | This is when people do not bother helping as they assume that someone else will. This is what they think happened in Kitty's case. |
| Latane and Darley (evidence for bystander effect) | Procedure: students sitting in a room, completing questionnaires in different conditions. Gradually room fills up with smoke. Results: If alone in the room, they would approach experimenter for help quickly, if they were with strangers, 38% of the time they approached for help but slowly If they were with others who ignored the smoke, only 10% of the time they asked for help. |
| decision model of bystander intervention | |
| Factors that reduce helping behavior | - experiencing social exclusion - feeling like no one is watching - economic value on our time |
| Factors that increase helping behavior | - sense of community - accountability (engaging with others) - reflecting on self (identity and self worth) |
| Attribution Theory (who deserves our help) | This theory claims that when someone comes to us for help, we ask ourselves 'why does this person need my help?' From this we make judgments of controlability and responsibility: - is this person responsible for their situation? - do they have control over their situation? |
| Schmidt and Weiner- victim responsibility study | Procedure: person asked ppt for notes for 2 reasons: 1) they had eye problems and couldn't see the board in the lecture or 2) they went to the beach instead of the lecture Results: perceptions of control and responsibility were correlated with: - positively with anger - negatively with empathy and helping |
| Thoughts--> emotion--> action | help needed--> situation uncontrollable and person is not responsible --> empathy--> help help needed--> situation controllable and person responsible --> anger--> no help |
| What factors affect empathy that shape our altruism? | Empathy is the key component in altruism however, situational factors and judgments of responsibility shape our willingness to empathise. |
| Fostering helping behaviour | - education - volunteer identity parental modelling - feelings of elevation |
| Schnall, Roper, Fessler (2010)- Elevation in helping behaviour | Procedure: ppts either exposed to elevating (inspirational) video, neutral or funny comedian video. Results: Prosocial behaviour was increased when feelings of elevation were generated |
| Nadler and Halabi- how people react to being helped | Felt belittled and humiliated: - dependency-oriented assistance - public nature of dependency - evaluative context - threatened self-esteem - distant social proximity Gratitude of the given help - autonomy-oriented assistance - private nature of dependency - non-evaluative context - non-ego-central help - close social proximity |
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