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| Question | Answer |
| Phonemes | The smallest units of sound in a spoken language |
| Narcolepsy | A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours. |
| Neurogenesis | the formation of new neurons |
| hypothesis | testable specific variable |
| Sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep. |
| Theory | a system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations. |
| Extinction | the gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response tendency |
| Extraneous variables | any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study. |
| Heuristic | a strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb, used in solving problems or making decisions. |
| Hypnosis | a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility |
| Behaviour modifcation | A systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning |
| Conditioned response | a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning |
| Classical conditioning | A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. |
| Dependent variable | in an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. |
| Decision making | the process of evaluating alternative and making choices among them. |
| Field dependence-independence | individuals tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space. |
| Flash bulb memory | unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events |
| Absolute threshold | the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input. |
| Independent variable | in an experiment, condition, or event that an experiment varies in order to see its impact on another variable. |
| insomnia | chronic problems in getting adequate sleep |
| Law of effect | the principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. |
| Morpheme | The smallest units of meaning in a language. |
| Negative reinforcement | the strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an averse stimulus. |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit one neuron to another |
| neurons | individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information |
| operational definiton | a definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable |
| operant conditioning | a form of leaning which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. |
| Phonemes | the smallest units of sound in a spoken language |
| Positive reinforcement | reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus. |
| Perception | the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory inputs. |
| Sensation | the stimulation of sense organs |
| Unconditioned response | an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| Signal-detection theory | a psychophysiological theory proposing that they detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are influenced by a variety of factors besides the physical intensity of a stimulus |
| rods | specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision |
| cones | specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and colour vision |
| Self-reverent encoding | deciding how or whether information is personally relevant |
| Functionalism | pg6 |
| Structuralism | pg 6 |
| Problem solving | 365-373 |
| Research method | 49 |
| telegraphic speech | 356 |
| experiment | 49-53, and 70-71 |
| memory processing level | 304-305 |
| eye | 145 |
| sensory system | 136-197 |
| consciousness | 198-247, 9-10, 552 |
| depth perception | 163 |
| Gestadlt principle | 160-161 |
| learning | 248-299, 651-652 |
| drugs | 716-721, 256-257, 231-238, 624-625 |
| signal detection theory | 140-141 |
| risky decisions | 376-377 |
| brain wave | 98, 202 |
| connectionism | 315 |
| Retina | the neural tissue that receives the light. |
| Cornea | light enters the eye through a transparent window at the front. |
| lens | transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina |
| pupil | opening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye |
| iris | coloured part of eye |
| sleep stage 2 | ~10-25 minutes long brain waves gradually become higher in amplitude and slower in frequency as the body moves into a deeper form of sleep called slow wave sleep |
| Stage 3 and 4 | slow wave sleep progressively more delta waves |
| REM SLEEP | low-voltage- high frequency waves |
| behaviourism | skinner Pavlov Watson |
| Cognitive | Piaget Chomsky Herbert Simon |
| Biological | James Olds Roger Sperry David Hubel Torsten Wiesel |
| Evolutionary | David Buss Martin Daly Margo Wilson Leda Cosmides John Tooby |
| Behavioural Concept | effects of behaviour on animals and human |
| Psychoanalytic Concept | Unconscious determinants of behaviour |
| Humanistic Concept | Unique aspects of human experience |
| Cognitive Concept | THoughts; Mental process |
| Biological Concept | Physiological basis of behaviour in humans and animals 1950- present |
| Evolutionary Concept 1980-present | Evolutionary basis of behaviour in humans and animals |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. |
| AntiAnxiety drugs | which relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness |
| Antipsychotic drugs | are used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. |
| Antidepressant Drugs | gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression |
| Drug Categories | Narcotics, Sedatives, Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Cannabis, Alcohol |
| Narcotics (opiates) | Tolerance- Rapid Risk of Physical Dependence- High Risk of Psychological Dependence- High Fatal Overdose Potential- High Health Risk- infectious diseases, accidents, immune suppression |
| Sedatives | Tolerance-Rapid Risk of physical dependence- high Risk of psychological dependence- high Fatal Overdose potential- high Health risks- accidents |
| Stimulants | Tolerance- Rapid Risk of Physical Dependence- Moderate Risk of Psychological dependence- high Fatal Overdose Potential- Moderate to high Health risks- sleep problems, malnutrition, nasal damage, hypertension, respiratory disease, stroke, liver disease, heart attack |
| Hallucinogens | Tolerance- Gradual Risk of Physical Dependence- None RIsk of Psychological dependence- very low Fatal Overdose Potential- very low Health risks- accidents |
| Cannabis | Tolerance- Gradual Risk of Physical Dependence- None Risk of Psychological Dependence- low to moderate Fatal overdose potential- very low Health risks- Accidents, lung cancer, respiratory disease, pulmonary disease |
| Alcohol | Tolerance- Gradual RIsk of Physical dependence- Moderate Risk of Psychological Dependence- Moderate Fatal overdose Potential- low to high Health risks- accidents, liver disease, malnutrition, brain damage, neurological disorders, heart disease, stroke, hyper tension, ulcers, cancer, birth defects |
| Unconscious | contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of the conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved |
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