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Description
Flashcards by Mairi Edwards, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mairi Edwards
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three MAIN categories of connective tissue | Connective tissue proper Supporting connective tissue Fluid connective tissue |
| What do tendons connect | muscles to bone |
| What do ligaments connect | Bone to bone |
| Which germ(s) layer generates connective tissue | The mesoderm |
| What are the two main components of all connective tissue | Cells Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| Each major class of connective tissue has resident cells which create, maintain, or break down the ECM. Name the three for bones | To create - Osteoblasts To maintain - Osteocytes To break down - Osteoclasts |
| Apart from resident cells, name the 6 types of cells that can be housed in connective tissue | Adipose cells Macrophages Lymphocytes Mast cells White blood cells Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells |
| What is ECM made of | Ground substance (the fluid) and Extracellular protein fibres |
| What does the ECM do | It acts as a scaffold for organs and tissue, giving it structure |
| What is ground substance | A gel-like fluid that fills the space between cells |
| What is ground substance made of | Water Cell adhesion proteins (connective tissue glue, always ends in -nectin) Proteoglycans (A macromolecule with a protein core to which GAGs are attached) |
| What happens if the amount of GAGs attached to a proteoglycan is increased | More GAGs will increase the viscosity of the ground substance Like a good sponge that wont leak |
| What are the different types of fibres found in connective tissue | Collagen fibres Elastic fibres Reticular fibres |
| What creates collagen fibres and what nutrient is vital to form its structure | Fibroblasts requires vitamin C to make tropocollagen |
| Describe the structure of collagen Fibres | Three chain of amino acids which wrap around each-other, forming a rope-like collagen molecule. this is then aligned with hundreds of other strands to form fibres |
| How many different types of collagen are there and which ones make: tendons ligaments cartilage reticular fibres | 25+ types of collagen types 1-4 are most abundant Tendons - type 1 Ligaments - type 1 Cartilage - type 2 reticular fibres - type 3 |
| What creates elastic fibres | Fibroblasts (same as collagen fibres) |
| what role do reticular fibres provide | Allow more 'give' than collagen fibres usually act as basement membranes for epithelial tissue |
| What are the two categories of 'connective tissue proper' along with their sub-categories | Loose: - -Areolar -Reticular -Adipose Dense:- -Regular collagenous -Regular elastic -Irregular collagenous -Irregular elastic |
| What does areolar connective tissue do | Areolar connective tissues hold organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues. It also serves as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into areolar connective tissue. |
| What are the two categories of 'fluid connective tissue' along with their sub-categories | Blood:- -Red cells -White cells -Platelets Haemopoietic:- -Red marrow -Yellow marrow |
| Where is reticular connective tissue found | Found giving support to the spleen and lymph nodes |
| what is the key difference between loose and dense connective tissue proper? | loose = - fibres + ground substance dense = + fibres - ground substance |
| Where would you find 'regular elastic' connective tissue | vocal chords |
| Where would you find 'irregular elastic' connective tissue | Lining the aorta |
| What is scurvy | lack of vitamin C causing defective collagen fibres |
| What is Marfan's syndrome | Defective elastic fibres caused by abnormal production of fibrillin-1 causes weak elastic fibres and overgrowth of tissues (can causes prolapses in the heart and arteries) |
| What is Pulmonary emphysema | Defective elastic fibres in the alveoli. destruction of elastic tissue caused by increase in elastase activity - generated by pollution and smoking tobacco Alveoli collapse and fuse together |
| What is fibrosis | Scar tissue formation (collagen 1), specifically excess formation that obliterates the architecture of the underlying tissue and makes diffusion significantly harder |
| Name the three main illnesses surrounding bone marrow and blood production | Leukaemia - high number of abnormal white blood cells Lymphoma - abnormal lymphocytes Myeloma - abnormal plasma cells |
| What is produced in the bone marrow | Red blood cells White blood cells platelets Lymphocytes |
| How does the distribution of red/yellow bone marrow change as you get older | As an infant, all of your bone marrow is red. As you get older, the middle of long bones are replaced with yellow bone marrow |
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