Clinical Psychology

SZ occurs in 1% of the population

What are the 4 D's?

The statistical definition of abnormality describes the 'norm' as something which is [blank_start]usual[blank_end] or typical. When behaviour is rare it is classed as [blank_start]abnormal[blank_end]. Normal characteristics occur in [blank_start]95%[blank_end] of the population. Abnormal characteristics occur in the [blank_start]2.5%[blank_end] of the population on either side.

The [blank_start]social norm[blank_end] definition of abnormality states that those who do not follow the [blank_start]explicit[blank_end] rules (clearly written eg. law) or [blank_start]implicit[blank_end] rules (eg. suggested but not expressed in a formal manner) are abnormal. Behaviour cannot be considered abnormal as long as [blank_start]society[blank_end] accepts it.

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Aetiological validity is defined as the extent to which a disorder has the same cause of causes. A diagnosis has aetiological validity when the diagnosis reflects known causes eg. family history in a disorder known to have genetic causes.

The majority of SZ cases are found in those who are lower class. In the UK, 4 in 1000 people from the lowest social class have SZ. - This explanation for SZ is known as:

Other possible causes of SZ include:

Dopamine pathways relevant to SZ symptoms

Gottesman and [blank_start]Shields[blank_end] (1996) studied [blank_start]61[blank_end] MZ or DZ twins. Concordance rates for MZ twins was [blank_start]42%[blank_end] (but in severe cases of SZ concordance rate was [blank_start]higher[blank_end]). Concordance rates for DZ twins was [blank_start]17%[blank_end].

Anti-psychiatry movement: [blank_start]Szasz[blank_end] (1972) wrote 'myth of mental illness'. [blank_start]Foucalt[blank_end] (1961) label of 'mental illness' was misused to keep control of those who were a threat to society. [blank_start]Laing[blank_end] (1960) said SZ is a label used as a form of violece by the government on [blank_start]non-confosmists[blank_end]

Phase 1 of FBT is called 'refeeding'

Serotonin explanation for AN: [blank_start]Amino acids[blank_end] in food trigger serotonin production in the brain to make you feel [blank_start]full[blank_end]. In a person with AN the lack of serotonin production makes them feel [blank_start]calmer[blank_end] but the brain [blank_start]overcompensates[blank_end] for the lack of serotonin by producing extra, making the person feel [blank_start]worse[blank_end].

[blank_start]Carlsson[blank_end] et al 1999/2000 - contemporary study. The study was actually a [blank_start]review[blank_end]. Aim: show how neurotransmitter functioning and psychosis provide explanations for [blank_start]SZ[blank_end]. Method: obtain evidence on role of [blank_start]neurotransmitters[blank_end] in SZ. Findings: PCP acts as an [blank_start]antagonist[blank_end] of a glutamate receptor - glutamate deficiency = psychosis. Glutamate failure = + & - symptoms. Clozapine = highly [blank_start]effective[blank_end] for SZ. Conclusions: More research needed. Drug therapies must consider roles of neurotransmitters.

HCPC Standards

Triangulating is where you take one or two pieces of information and consider them individually to make a conclusion

Mann Whitney U-test is used when