Bacterial Metabolism & Industrial Microbiology

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life is known as its [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end]

Metabolism consists of two processes: [blank_start]Catabolism[blank_end] = Breakdown of chemical compounds via exergonic reactions [blank_start]Anabolism[blank_end] = Biosynthesis or chemical compounds via endergonic reactions

Exergonic reactions [blank_start]release energy[blank_end] Endergonic reactions [blank_start]require energy[blank_end]

We have already established that organisms can be classified based on their energy source; Chemotrophs and Phototrophs. The Chemotroph category can be broken down into two further subcategories based on whether the organism utilises organic or inorganic substances: [blank_start]Chemoorganotrophs[blank_end] = Utilise organic compounds to obtain energy [blank_start]Chemolithotrophs[blank_end] = Utilise inorganic compounds to obtain energy

Different types of bacteria based on oxygen requirement: 1: [blank_start]Obligate[blank_end] aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. 2: [blank_start]Obligate[blank_end] anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen. 3: [blank_start]Facultative[blank_end] anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. 4: [blank_start]Microaerophiles[blank_end] need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. 5: [blank_start]Aerotolerant[blank_end] organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen.

The difference between aerotolerant and obligate anaerobic bacteria is that whilst they both produce energy anaerobically aerotolerant bacteria are not poisoned by oxygen where obligate anaerobic bacteria are.

The difference between aerotolerant and obligate anaerobic bacteria is that whilst they both produce energy anaerobically aerotolerant bacteria are not poisoned by oxygen where obligate anaerobic bacteria are.

Match the mechanism of energy production to its description: [blank_start]Substrate level phosphorylation[blank_end] = ATP is generated when a phosphorylated intermediate transfers its phosphate to ADP [blank_start]Oxidative Phosphorylation[blank_end] = ATP is synthesized during the transport of electrons along an electron transport chain to an electron acceptor [blank_start]Photophosphorylation[blank_end] = Similar to oxidative phosphorylation but electrons are provided by reduced chlorophyll molecules

Chemoorganotrophic bacteria obtain energy (ATP) from carbohydrates by which two basic processes? Alphabetical order. [blank_start]Fermentation[blank_end] [blank_start]Respiration[blank_end]

How is the ATP produced in fermentation?

The Embden Meyerhof pathway is also known as [blank_start]Glycolysis[blank_end] and is the most common biochemical pathway for the fermentation of glucose.

The process of glycolysis yields [blank_start]2[blank_end] molecules of ATP

One of the main factors of fermentation is that NAD- and NADP+ must be reduced back into NADH and NADPH

Yeast is grown is grown in two stages: Firstly, an [blank_start]aerobic[blank_end] stage to cause yeast to grow and multiply Secondly, an [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end] stage to cause yeast to produce energy via fermentation, thus producing ethanol as a by product.

Which type of fermentation occurs in E.coli?

Which of the following types of fermentation produces the holes seen in swiss cheese due to the release of CO2?

Which of the following types of bacteria utilises Butyric Acid Fermentation?

Different microbes produce different fermentation end products: Lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid which is important for the [blank_start]dairy industry (yoghurts, etc)[blank_end] Propionic bacteria produce propionic acid, acetic acid and CO2 which is important for the [blank_start]use in Swiss cheese[blank_end]

Bioethanol used in some modes of transport is typically produced by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

In [blank_start]yeasts[blank_end], 10-20% of glucose is degraded via the Pentose Phosphate pathway

In terms of respiration, how is the ATP produced?

There are two types of respiration: Aerobic Respiration, whereby [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] is the final electron acceptor and H20 is formed Anaerobic Respiration, whereby other inorganic molecules, most commonly [blank_start]nitrate[blank_end], is the terminal electron acceptor.

In the TCA cycle of respiration, pyruvate is fully [blank_start]oxidised[blank_end] to CO2.

The four carbon molecule which combines with Acetyl-Coenzyme A to become a six carbon molecule for the TCA cycle is called [blank_start]Oxaloacetate[blank_end]. The six carbon molecule in question is called [blank_start]Citrate[blank_end].

How many Acetyl Coenzyme A compounds are yielded from the Pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis?

The products of the TCA cycle are: [blank_start]3[blank_end] molecules of CO2 [blank_start]4[blank_end] molecules of NADH [blank_start]1[blank_end] molecule of FADH

Electrons from the TCA cycle are transferred to the electron transport chain via which of the following?

Which of the following is also involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and can be produced directly from ketone bodies?

The generation of an electrochemical potential across a cell membrane via the trapping of H+ions on one side and OH- ions on the other in order to drive the electron transport chain is known as the [blank_start]proton motive[blank_end] force

The proton motive force is the driving force for ATP synthesis via the membrane enzyme complex called [blank_start]ATP synthase[blank_end]

The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is [blank_start]Oxygen[blank_end]

How many molecules is created in total by Aerobic respiration? [blank_start]38[blank_end]

Anaerobic respiration is unique to prokaryotes (where terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen are used)