year 1 Infancy Pathology focus :)

Which of the following is not an example of a PAMP?

What do PRRs do?

What are some physical barriers that are part of the innate system?

Which cells are involved in innate immunity?

Which of the following isnt a granulocyte?

Macrophages in the blood are known as monocytes.

Macrophages in CNS are known as macroglia.

What regarding Major Histocompability Complexes is true?

Which statements regarding innate immunity are false?

What are TCRs? TCRs, standing for [blank_start]T-cell receptors[blank_end], are on all T-cells and allow them to interact with other [blank_start]leukocytes[blank_end] or [blank_start]other cells[blank_end]. For example, the [blank_start]cytotoxic[blank_end] TCR interacts with a host cell's MHC [blank_start]I[blank_end] in order to kill it.

There are 2 parts to adaptive immunity. The [blank_start]cell-mediated response[blank_end] occurs when an [blank_start]antigen-presenting cell[blank_end] arrives at the lymphnode and presents the antigen to the [blank_start]CD4+ T cells[blank_end] via [blank_start]MHC II[blank_end]. Specifically, [blank_start]CD4+ TH1[blank_end] will interact with the antigen-presenting cell. This interaction will lead to the chemokines [blank_start]IL-2[blank_end] and [blank_start]INF-gamma[blank_end] being releases, which activate and bring over the [blank_start]CD8+ killer[blank_end] T cells. The CD8+ killer T cell will then go off and bind to infected host cells via [blank_start]MHC I[blank_end] and initiate cell death. It does this via 2 ways: activating [blank_start]FAS ligand-receptor[blank_end] and the cytotoxic granule containing [blank_start]granzyme[blank_end] (which destroys cell inner stuff) and [blank_start]perforin[blank_end] (which punches holes.)

The release of cytokines (in numerical order) [blank_start]IL-4[blank_end], [blank_start]IL-5[blank_end], and [blank_start]IL-10[blank_end] is part of the [blank_start]humoral[blank_end] response of adaptive immunity.

Humoral Response cannot happen without Cell-mediated BUT cell-mediated can happen without humoral having to happen

Which of the following are part of the humoral response?

Which statements regarding rolling adhesion are correct?

Which chemokines increase the adhesiveness of epithelial cells?

Which blood results is O-?

Which is A-?

O- is universal donor for blood and universal recipient for plasma

AB + is universal recipient for both plasma and blood

Breast milk jaundice lasts [blank_start]longer[blank_end] than physiological jaundice. It is when certain compounds within the breast milk lead to higher [blank_start]bilirubin[blank_end] levels. It usually sorts itself out. Breast milk jaundice is quite rare.

What are the types of jaundice?

Physiological Jaundice occurs due to severe deficiency of erythrocyte decomposition and liver immaturity.

How would you treat a Rhesus negative woman about to be impregnated by a Rhesus positive man due to concerns of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

Jaundice before 24 or 48 hours is [blank_start]abnormal[blank_end]. Jaundice between [blank_start]2-3 days[blank_end] to [blank_start]10-14 days[blank_end] is [blank_start]normal[blank_end]. Treatment isn't needed, but [blank_start]phototherapy[blank_end] (using UV light) can be helpful, especially for [blank_start]premature[blank_end] babies. Sometimes, a small amount of the [blank_start]matched blood[blank_end] is placed into the fetus to help speed up the process. Jaundice may last longer than that, which is [blank_start]abnormal[blank_end]. In which cases, [blank_start]surgical treatment[blank_end] and further investigation may be needed.

What regarding hemolytic disease of the newborn is correct?

If Jaundice in the first 24 hours, why might it be due to?

If jaundice after 14 days, what may be a cause?

In gram staining, what type of microorganism stains purple?

Gram negative bacteria have LPS, thin cell wall, and stain red

A primary headache is a headache due to the condition itself and not another cause.

What is characteristic of a cluster headache?

what is NOT characteristic of migraine?

What is characteristic of tension headache?

How might you treat tension headache?

How might you treat and prevent migraines?

How might you treat and prevent a cluster headache?

Morbillivirus is a single-stranded RNA which infects lower respiratory tract and lungs and leads to measles.

What is the MMR vaccine?

Which of the following is not part of the presentation of measles?

Measles is a notifiable disease.

There is no fixxerup for measles. You can provide support via rest, drinking [blank_start]fluids[blank_end], [blank_start]antipyretics[blank_end] (reducing fever) etc. Because measles is [blank_start]contagious[blank_end], the child must stay at home until resolved illness.

If an immunosuppressed or pregnant person came into contact with an infectious measles person in the past 48 hours, what would you give?

This type of rash is characterisitic of....?

This severe edema of parotid glands is characteristic of what?

How might mumps present?

The only way to manage mumps is to keep the child out of school to avoid infectious spread.

Which immunoglobulin is involved in innate immunity, can act as BCR, can cross the placenta, is nonspecific and is a pentamer?

Which immunoglobulin is in breast milk and helps infants until their immune system is capable?

Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergy?

Which is the small Y-shaped specific immunoglobulin?

IgD is the only BCR of the five imunoglobulins.

How might Rubella present?

Rubella infection during pregnancy can lead to what complication for the child later on?

Rubella is managed by keeping child home to avoid infectious spread, fluids, rest, and antipyretics.

Chickenpox is caused by [blank_start]varicella zoster[blank_end]. It is most infectious 1-2 days [blank_start]before[blank_end] the rash appears and then stays contagious until after the rash disappears. It is a [blank_start]very itchy vesicle[blank_end] kind of rash that accompanies malaise, headache, and [blank_start]abdominal pain[blank_end]. There is no cure, but healthy individuals can be given a [blank_start]Calamine[blank_end] lotion for the itchiness. If a pregnant or immunodeficient person isn't vaccinated against chicken pox, give her the [blank_start]antibodies[blank_end]. If a pregnant or immunodeficient person develops the chickenpox rash, give them [blank_start]Aciclovir[blank_end].

Shingles, most common in elderly with [blank_start]weakened[blank_end] immunity, is like the adult version of chicken pox (although adults can still also get chicken pox.) It's caused by the [blank_start]herpes[blank_end] zoster. Its characteristic difference is that the rash does not pass the [blank_start]midline[blank_end] and is limited to one [blank_start]dermatome[blank_end] (region of sensory innervation.) The patient may report [blank_start]pain[blank_end] in the area before the rash appears. Management is mainly supportive: analgesic, rest, fluids, etc. If highly severe, [blank_start]aciclovar[blank_end] is given. Not having chicken pox in childhood or getting the vaccination places you at a [blank_start]greater[blank_end] risk of getting shingles later on.

What bacteria causes scarlet fever?

Scarlet fever is not a notifiable disease

How might scarlet fever present?

Investigation of scarlet fever is done via [blank_start]throat swab[blank_end] and culture. Management is [blank_start]penicillin[blank_end] for [blank_start]10[blank_end] days. If allergic to penicillin, [blank_start]azithromycin[blank_end] is the alternative. Management should also include symtomatic treatment: ex: [blank_start]paracetamol[blank_end]. As scarlet fever is highly contagious, person must stay home until illness resolves.

Which bacteria are always gram +?

What regarding clostridium difficile is correct?

What regarding glandular fever is correct?

What is true regarding Lyme disease?

What is meningitis?

Which of these causes meningitis?

How does meningitis present?

Doxycycline, an antibiotic, is given as management for [blank_start]Lyme's disease[blank_end].

Doxycycline, an antibiotic, is given as management for [blank_start]Lyme's disease[blank_end].

Intravenous ceftriaxone is given as management for [blank_start]meningitis[blank_end].

Benzylpenicillin is given intramuscularly if there is a community danger of meningitis break out.

How might the CSF appear normally?

If the CSF has cloudy murky appearance with increased protein concentration, high amount of neutrophils, plenty of organisms, reduced glucose, and high pressure, is it a bacterial, viral, or TB infection[blank_start]?[blank_end]

What does viral infected CSF appear like?

What is true regarding management of meningitis?

A [blank_start]contraindication[blank_end] is when a type of treatment backfires and ends up harming the person.

Which of the following is NOT an example of contraindications to lumbar puncture?

Sides of the tongue drain to the submandibular nodes?

where does back of the tongue and middle strip drain to lymph wise?

Tip of the tongue does NOT drain to submental.