96982
| Question | Answer |
| What differences did Feingold (1990, 1992) find in regard to partner preferences? | Men look more for physical attractiveness, women for status or personality traits associated with social success |
| Who found males are generally more aggressive particularly physical, and the difference increases with objectivity of measure? | Knight et al. (1996) |
| What is the psychoanalysis explanation for sex differences? | Sex differences due to castration anxiety/penis envy, and resolution of oedipal conflict. |
| What is the problem with the psychoanalysis explanation of gender differences? | Contradicted by empirical evidence, perception of genitals doesn't play a role in development of sexual identity, concepts aren't tenable, no evidence of theory |
| What is the learning/socialization theories of gender differences? | Children learn gender-specific behaviour by differential reinforcement |
| Which parent did Lylton and Romney (1991) identify have more of a role in Learning and socialization theory? | Fathers |
| What is the problem with the learning/socialization theory? | No explanations for gender-specific socialization practice, unclear casual direction, no empirical evidence demonstrating which gender-specific reinforment is successful |
| What is the problem with casual direction of socialisation theory? | Is it parent teaching child, or parent reaching to child's interests |
| Who found children seem to imitate same sex role-models? But what problem is there for the socailisation theory? | Huston (1983), but usually quite late, after sex-typical behaviour already established |
| Who found imitation of typical same sex behaviour dominates imitation of same-sex models? | Barkley et al. (1977) |
| What is the three critical evaluations of socalisation theory? | Over-estimated, poorly measured, under-theorised |
| What is social role theories explanation of gender differences? | Arise as men and women have different social roles, children learn these roles |
| What is an example of split gender roles? | Physical sex-differences, division of labour leads to different sex roles |
| What do gender atypical roles lead to according to social rule theory? | Lead to counter-stereotypical behaviour |
| What are the problems with social roles theory? | Doesn't explain the differential assignment of roles, if assignment is attributory, dosen't explain why they accept it. |
| What is the evolutionary theory of gender differences? | Sex differences are adaptations to different adaptive problems of males and females. |
| In the evolutionary theory, who are the choosers and who are the competetors? | Choosers are women, and competers are men |
| What evidence is there for evolutionary theory? | Oliver and Hyde (1993) men less choosy more interested in casual sex. Feringold (1990;1992) men seek younger attractive partners. Buss et al. jealously theory |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of the evolutionary theory? | Hypotheses are widely supported, but weak test of theory. Mental rotation benefit from hunting not convincing. Doesn't justify gender differences |
| What is the typical difference size between genders on behaviours? | Little difference, bell curves mostly overlap |
| Who found perceived gender differences are found consistently across 30 countries? | Williams and Best (1982;1990) |
| What were the results of Williams and Best (1982;1990)? | Male stereotype always higher in power and activity. Female stereotype higher in evaluation |
| All models can be regarded as complementary, how can evolutionary and learning+role theories be combined? | Evolutionary as why the differences occur, then learning/role about how sex differences are established, increased or stablised |
| What did Williams et al. (1999) find in regard to extroversion? | Assertiveness, males more likely |
| What did Irwing and Lynn (2005) find in regard general intelligence? | Found males generally better than females, with difference increasing with age. But small effect sizes |
| What did Williams et al. (1999) find in regard to agreeableness? | Trust, women slightly more, Tender-mindedness, women dramatically more |
| What biological difference did Lynn (1990) find? | Male brains are usually 10% larger than females |
| What did Williams et al. (1999) find in regard to concientiousness? | Order, little difference |
| How does brain size explain the increase in difference in intelligence over time? | In younger years males and females mature at different times, girls maturing younger have similar size to male at that time. |
| What is the evolutionary perspective on spatial intelligence by Jones et al. (2003)? | Foraging, searching for supplies, range-males seek many relationships and need area, warfare-males compete with other males |
| What did Williams et al. (1999) find in regard to Neuroticism? | Anxiety, women slightly more |
| What is the brain functioning explanation of spatial intelligence from Relea et al. (2004)? | Differently organised, women use both sides, men only right. Seemingly more efficient in processing the information |
| Who found IQ is correlated with grey matter in different areas in the brain, and that men have more women, in terms of ratio with grey and white matter? | Haier et al. (2005) |
| What did Choi and Silverman (1996) find? | Different ways males and females use routes, further found testosterone correlated ith male-biased route method. No effect in estrodiol in females |
| What could be the explanations for the differences in personality scores? | Social desirability, or women being more linguistic |
| Who found testosterone was related to faster and lower errors in mental rotation task? | Hooven et al. (2004) |
| What did Hyde and Lynn (1988) find in regard to verbal abilities? | No difference, only in verbal expression where women better. |
| What did Linn and Peterson (1985) in regard to spatial abilities? | Males better at spatial perception and, particularly mental rotation. |
| What did Hyde and Linn (1988) find in regard to maths? | Difference between gender emerges over time, particularly in high performers. |
| What are the two theoretical accounts of males being better at maths? | Advantage from mental rotation, or cumulative de-motivation of girls due to sex stereotype |
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