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| Question | Answer |
| How is factor analysis used to test the lexical hypothesis? | Get a large set of terms to describe participants personalities and have people, their partner, rate them on those dimensions, seeing if they correlate with each other |
| Who was the first to use factor analysis? | Cattell |
| What exactly did Cattell (1957) do? | Started with Allport's words, and factor analysed it finding 16 factors, creating the 16PF (which has been since revised and is still used today) |
| How many items does Cattell's original 16PF have? | 187 |
| What are four second order factors of Cattell's 16PF? | Extraversion, anxiety, sensitivity, dependence |
| What are the problems with the 16PF? | Cattell was unable regenerate the 16 factors when reanalysising the test. Kline and Barret (1983) unable to replicate it. Big five underlies test |
| What are Eysenck's three personality factors? | Extraversion, neruoticism and psychoticism |
| What are the characteristics of Eysenck's extroversion and introversion? | Extroversion; sociable, takes risks, loves change. Introversion; quiet, thoughtful, reserved. |
| What are characteristics of Eysenck's neuroticism and stable? | Neuroticism; moody, anxious, touchy, restless. Stable; calm, even tempered, relax |
| What are the characteristics of Eysenck's psychoticism? | Cruelty, hostility, oddness, reject social customs. |
| What is Buger (1977) definition of a trait? | It is a dimension of personality used to catergorise people according to the degree to which they manifest the characterisitc |
| What are the two assumptions of trait theories? | Traits are relatively stable over time, and traits show stability across situations (may vary but some internal consistency, inferring traits influence behaviours) |
| What are the two assumptions of trait theories? | Traits are relatively stable over time, and traits show stability across situations (may vary but some internal consistency, inferring traits influence behaviours) |
| What are Cattell's two types of traits? | Constitutional traits, genetically determined, and enviromental-mod traits, enviromental influenced |
| What are ability traits? | Traits influencing how you deal with a situation |
| What are temperment traits ? | Individual differences to how people approach goals |
| What are dynamic traits? | Motivate us and energize behaviour |
| What are surface traits? | Collection of trait descriptors which tend to go together |
| What are source traits? | Responsible for variations in surface traits |
| The 90 items of Eysenck's personality questionnaire are what types of questions, and also what type of scale does it feature? | Yes or no questions, and a lie scale. |
| How did Eysenck (1970) define personality? | Personality is the way an individual's character, temperament, intelligence, physique and nervous system are organised |
| What is a supertrait in Eysenck's theory? | Collection of traits, his 3 dimensions |
| Eysenck (1972) said personality mostly from, what factors? | Biological, and environment has some input |
| What is good about Eysenck Personality Questionnaire? | Good internal reliability, Kline (2000) factor analytic structure is impeccable, and it works despite question force you make an extreme decision. |
| Who added traits to Eysenck's three personality characteristics? | Eysenck and Eysenck (1985) |
| What did Campbell and Hawley (1982) find about introverts and extroverts? | Introverts prefer quiet study areas, less breaks. Extroverts, places with more people, opportunity to socialize more, breaks. |
| What are the traits associated withe extroversion? | Sensation-seeking, sociable, carefree, lively, dominant, active, bubbly, assertive, venturesome |
| Who found extroverts tire more easily on tasks of vigilance? | Davies and Parasuraman (1992) |
| What are the traits associated with Neuroticism? | Tense, anxious, irrational, depressant, shy, guilt feelings, moody, low self-esteem, emotional |
| What's the problem with Eysenck's psychoticism? | Low internal reliability, despite being refined |
| What did Eysenck (1990) say about genes and personality? | Genes provide a strong tendency to become a certain type of person, some modification possible, with how children are socalised is important |
| What are the traits associated with psychoticism? | Impulsive, aggressive, unempathic, cold, creative, egocentric, tough minded, impersonal, anti-social |
| Along the lines of Eysenck theory, what is treatment for disorders? | Behavioural therapy |
| What is the emic approach? | Researchers use personality terms which are in the native language |
| What are the biological factors related to extroversion and introbersion? | Ex; Low on arousal, have stimulus hunger, craves noise and exictment, low threshold for boredom. In; highly aroused, likes to be quiet, almost any stimulation/over-stimulation painful |
| What is the etitc approach? | Personality questionnaires translated from another language into English |
| What are the biological factors of Neuroticism? | Liable nervous system, rapid mood swings, physiological symptoms. |
| According to Saucier and Golberg (2001), what approach tends to be more reliable? | Etitc tends to be more reliable. |
| What theory can Eysenck's theory be combined with, and what is the problem with it? | Galen's humors, but it's not much use for anything |
| Who said we should be looking for contradictory evidence of trait models? | Saucier (1995) |
| Who found measures in questionnaire crucially affect which factors come out? | Peabody and Goldberg (1989) |
| What is Briggs (1989) criticism of trait theories? | All based on data, no theory |
| What is Mischel (1968; 1996) criticism of trait theories? | Measures are descriptive not predictive, yet used to make important decisions by non-psychologists, 69 found traits only explain 10% of variance |
| What are the five dimensions of Costa and McCrae (1992)? | Neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness |
| Costa and McCrae (1992)'s neuroticism, extroversion and openess inventory revised, itemms have... | 5 point scale answers |
| What are the six lower level traits of Costa and McCrae (1992)'s neuroticism? | Anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability |
| What are the six lower level traits of Costa and McCrae (1992)'s extroversion? | Warmth, graciousness, assertiveness, activity, excitment-seeking, positive emotions |
| What are the six lower level traits of Costa and McCrae (1992)'s openness to change? | Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, value |
| What were the two dimensions of Wudnt's model and what was the problem with it? | Emotional and changeability, but it doesn't explain much. |
| What are the six lower level traits of Costa and McCrae (1992)'s agreeable? | Trust, straight forwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender mindedness |
| What are the six lower level traits of Costa and McCrae (1992)'s conscientiousness? | Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, deliberation |
| What is the lexical hypothesis? | Get all words used to describe personality, removing similar ones, you will have a language suited to describing language |
| What analysis technique does the lexical hypothesis use? | Factor Anaylsis |
| What gives evidence for Costa and McCrae's (1992) model? | Lexical approach, factor analysis, broadly compatible with 16pf and myers-briggs, found in different languages, stable over time, neurological evidence |
| What is Eysenck's psychotism in Costa and McCrae's (1992) big five? | Openness, and agreeableness |
| Who found neuropsychological evidence of Costa and McCrae's (1992) big five? | Adelstein et al. (2011) |
| What areas did Adelstein et al. (2011) find related with neuroticism? | Areas of self-evaluation and and fear |
| What areas did Adelstein et al. (2011) find related with extroversion? | Areas in reward and motivation |
| What areas did Adelstein et al. (2011) find related with openness? | Areas in cognitive flexibility and imagination. |
| What areas did Adelstein et al. (2011) find related with agreeableness? | Empathy and social information processing |
| What areas did Adelstein et al. (2011) find related with conscientiousness? | Planning and self-discpline |
| What did Allport argue, and what is the significance of his research? | Argued there are central traits and secondary, secondary merely built on central. It is foundation of current trait theories |
| Why did Kline (2000) suggest it might be a gigantic three over big five? | Conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness often correlate on same factor as psychoticism, suggesting it is one factor |
| What is the general evidence for the lexical hypothesis? | Many words have lots of synonyms, the more synonyms, more central the trait |
| What are criticisms of big five? | No reason for six-lower traits per factor. So narrow in content bound to form scales, abandoned in theory, intercorrelations between lower traits across and between factors |
| What does HEXACO stand for in Ashton and Lee's (2007; 2008) model? | Honestly-Humility, Emotionality, eXtroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience |
| What did Ashton et al. (2000) find in a number of lexical studies? | A sixth factor emerging, honesty-humility |
| Lee and Ashton (2008) HEXACO model has been identified in how many languages? | 12 |
| What are the two contexts of the HEXACO model? | Honesty, agreeableness and emotionality, biological theory of reciprocal and kin altruism. Extroversion, conscientioussness and openness; biologically driven concepts |
| What is Saucier (2002) criticism of HEXACO? | Factors of a personality model should be independent, five factor is, honesty has been found to correlate with agreeableness multiple times |
| What is McDonald (2000) criticism of HEXACO? | Better sixth factors, such as spritality, and reigiousity |
| How do the results of Musek (2007) suggest there may be one personality factor? | Results were found high on one factor were likely to be high on another. Factor of personality aspects roughly valued, with no evidence of theory. |
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