9173564
Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Urbanisation | A process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities, resulting in their growth |
| Rural-to-urban Migration | Moving home from a rural area to settle in a town or city |
| Causes of Urbanisation | -Natural increase, people in the cities have children, so the city grows -Rural-to-urban migration, people move from rural areas to cities, so the city grows |
| Reasons for Rural-to-urban Migration | -Push factors that cause people to leave rural areas like -E.g. drought, few opportunities, bad infrastructure, poor medical facilities, little recreation, unemployment -Pull factors that attract people to urban areas -E.g. opportunities, education for children, jobs, infrastructure, transport, medical facilities, recreational activities |
| Burgess Model |
Image:
Burgess Model (image/gif)
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| Central Business District | -High rise buildings -Offices, banks, admin etc. -Expensive shops -Pedestrian only zones -Land marks -Expensive land value |
| Inner City | -High density -Factories -High unemployment rates -High traffic pollution -Derelict |
| Lower Class Housing | -Cramped -Noise pollution -Cheap -Old -Cheap land -Terraced housing -High traffic pollution -New high rise flats -Vandalism and graffiti |
| Suburbs | -Larger housing -Cheaper than CBD but more expensive than Inner city -Home to CBD commuters -Semi detached houses with gardens |
| Rural Urban Fringe | -Where the town/city meets the country -At the very outskirts -Detached housing -Country side -Clean air -Very expensive |
| Uses of Land in Urban Areas | -Leisure and recreation -Residential -Transport -Business and commerce -Industry |
| Issues of Urban Areas in MEDCs | -Housing -The Inner City -Traffic -The CBD -Multicultural Mix |
| Brownfield Site | Land that has been built on before and is now to be cleared and reused, normally in the inner city |
| Greenfield Site | Land that has not been built on before, usually in the country side of rural urban fringe |
| Brownfield Sites: Advantages | -Easier to get permission -Sites are not left derelict -Utilities such as water and electricity already provided -Roads already exist -Near to facilities -Shorter commute time |
| Greenfield Sites: Advantages | -Cheaper to prepare as no clearing is required -No restrictions of already existing road networks -Pleasant country side environment -More space for gardens |
| Housing: Issue | -UK population increased by 10.5% since 1971 -Number of household increased by 30% (more people living alone) -New, single person housing accounts for 70% of rising housing demand -People leave home earlier, marry later and divorce is more common -Demand is more than supply so housing prices rise |
| Housing: Solution | -Government has a target to build 240 000 new houses every year by 2016 so prices don't spiral out of control -Target of 60% to be built on brownfield sites -Some will have to be on greenfield sites though |
| Inner City: 1) UDCs | Urban Development Corporations -Large-scale projects where major changes were made with the help of public and private funding |
| Example: London Docklands Development Corporation LDDC | -1981 to 1998 London Docklands Development corporation (LDDC) -Received £1.86 bn public and £7.7 bn private investment -144 km new improved roads -Docklands light railway -762 ha derelict land recovered -24 000 homes built -2 700 businesses trading -5 new health centres and the redevelopment of 6 -11 primary schools, 2 secondary, 3 post-16 colleges, 9 vocational training centres -85 000 people now working in the Docklands |
| Traffic: Issue | -30% of households have more than one car -45% of households have one car -The large amount of cars cause: -air and noise pollution -Discoloured buildings -Impacts respiratory issues like asthma |
| Traffic: Solution | -Making public transport more attractive -Park and ride schemes -London has introduced congestion charges of £10 per day for driving in central London |
| CBD: Issue | -1960s to 1980s CBD struggled to attract people -Out of town shopping centres became popular as they had lots of parking with cleaner air |
| CBD: Solution | -Pedestrian only areas to increase safety and air quality -Street furniture (e.g. benches) made the area more appealing to shoppers -Made the physical environment look better (e.g. by cleaning historic monuments) |
| Multicultural Mix: Issue | -People chose to segregate themselves to remain with people of their own culture because: -Support from others -Familiarity -Specialist facilities -Employment factors -Safety in numbers |
| Multicultural Mix: Solution | In Leeds: -Increasing children's achievement by improving educational provisions -Improving literacy where English is a second language -Increasing employment by teaching basic skills and giving access to information and training -Increasing community involvement by ensuring minority groups' needs are understood and met -Providing facilities where all sections of community are encouraged to meet |
| Causes of Squatter Settlements | -Squatter settlements occur as an evolution of the informal sector -Rapid rural to urban migration doesn't allow the time to build proper housing -New arrivals make they're own makeshift shelters on areas of unoccupied land with whatever they can find |
| Living Conditions in Squatter Settlements | -No basic infrastructure like sanitation, sewage and fresh water pipes, electricity or roads -Houses are made of any material that can be found haphazardly arranged -Incredibly over crowded -Water needs to be fetched from a nearby source -Rubbish accumulates in the streets -Sewage flows through the streets -Occupants have unreliable, poorly paid jobs -Poverty -Major crime issues |
| Improving Conditions: Own Initiative | -Some residents attempt to improve their shelters -Replacing flimsy, temporary material with more permanent brick and concrete -Catching rainwater on top of the roof -Obtaining electricity (often illegally) -This process is very slow |
| Improving Conditions: Self-help | -Local authorities support squatter settlers improving their homes -Involves same improvements as own initiative but more organised -Cooperation between residents to remove rubbish -Local authority offers grants, cheap loans and possibly materials -Standpipes are likely to be provided for water and sanitation -May begin to start health care and/or schools -Legal ownership of land can be granted to encourage inhabitants to improve the place |
| Improving Conditions: Site and Service | -More formal way of helping -Land is identified for the scheme -Infrastructure is laid out ahead of time -People can then build houses on these plots with whatever they can afford at the time -They can then improve the houses later |
| Improving Conditions: Local Authority Schemes | -Can take many different forms -Can be large scale, involving the building of: -Schools -High rise flats -Entire new settlements |
| Kibera: Location and Size | -Kibera is a squatter settlements in the south of Nairobi, Kenya's capital -60% of Nairobi's inhabitants live in slums, over half of them in Kibera -800 000 to 1 million people living an area of 225 ha -Density where people have 1 m2 |
| Kibera: Conditions | -100 000 children orphans due to aids -Homes are made of mud, wood or corrugated iron -Paths have a ditch in the middle carrying sewage -Rubbish litters the area -Smells of charcoal and human waste -One water standpipe supplies 40 families -Private operators bring in hose pipes and charge twice the price of water -Crime issues, police reluctant to enter |
| Kibera: Solutions | -Practical Action (British charity) developed low cost roofing tiles that can be used in self help schemes -UN-Habitat provides electricity to some places at a price of 300 Kenyan shillings per shack -Two main water pipes (from world bank and the council) provide water at 3 Kenyan shillings per 20 l -Medical facilities provided by charities -Gap-year students encouraged to go and help there -15-year project starting 2003 plans to rehouse thousands of people as a joint venture between Kenyan Government and UN-Habitat, relocated 770 families to flats with running water, electricity and sanitation in the first year |
| Issues of Rapid Urbanisation | -Environmental disasters -Electronic waste -Water pollution -Waste and pollution |
| Why do these issues exist? | -Rapid urbanisation makes it harder to control what's happening and enforce regulations -Not enough people to enforce the regulations on a growing population -Non existent or poor regulations make matters worse |
| Water Pollution: Ganges | -Ganges river has toxins, chemicals and dangerous bacteria at 3000 times the rate that WHO suggests as safe -1 billion l of untreated sewage pumped into Ganges DAILY -This is predicted to double in the next 20 years -Thousands of cremated bodies put into the river -corpses that were not properly cremated, of unwanted babies and animals float in the river -More than 420 million people rely on it, Hindu's bathe in it -People drink this water |
| Environmental disasters: Bhopal | December 1984 -Poisonous gas escaped from a chemical plant -Killed at least 3000 people -More died later on -50 000 suffered from permanent disabilities |
| Electronic waste: India | -4.5 million new computers every year plus many second hand ones -India's poor scrape a living by recycling materials from e-waste -Boil, crush and burn parts to extract valuable metals like gold or platinum -Toxic chemicals like lead and cadmium pose severe health risks -India's hospitals see patients with over 10 times the normal amount of lead in their bloodstream |
| Waste and Pollution: Shanghai | -Construction boom is creating 30 000 tonnes of waste a day -Industry is responsible for 70% of CO2 emissions -73% electricity produced by coal-fired power -Responsible for 400 000 deaths annually |
| Dealing with Water Pollution: Ganges | Ganges Action Plan -Set up in 1986 -Set up sewage treatment plants to deal with the sewage -However, didn't account for population growth so pollution has risen to the same level as before -Set up electrical crematories |
| Dealing with Waste Disposal | -Sao Paulo, Brazil has two large incinerators that burn 7 500 tonnes of waste a day -Shanghai, China has an effective solid waste disposal unit in houses which is then used as fertiliser nearby |
| Dealing with Air Pollution | -Need to reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen -Switching to cleaner energy sources works, but this will probably require the implementation of a carbon tax -Shanghai uses low sulphur coal -Increasing public transport and it's popularity also helps |
| Sustainable Cities | An urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time. The environment is not damaged and the economic and social fabric can stand the test of tome |
| Characteristics of Sustainable Cities | -Clean environment -Sound economy with jobs -Local people involved in decision making -Public transport -Manage waste effectively -Strong sense of community -Create green spaces and gardens |
| What can Cities do to Increase Sustainability? | -Conserve historic environment -Reducing and safely disposing of waste -Providing adequate open space -Involving local people -Effective public transport system |
| Conserving Historic Environment | -Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City -Areas around it's water front and associated with it's development -Buildings are architecturally as they were in the 18th and 19th century even though their functions have changes |
| Reducing and Safely Disposing Waste | -2008 UK was producing 400 million tonnes of waste -Majority came from mining and quarrying but 30 million from households, this can be reduced -20% of household waste is garden waste and 17% in kitchen waste, this can be composted -18% of household waste is paper and cardboard that can be recycled -2011 40% of UK household waste recycled, 2001 11% recycled -Still has more landfill sites than most European countries -Consumer pressure can change the amount of plastic in packaging |
| Providing Adequate Open Space | -Official green belts where authorities restrict building -Designated open areas for use as parks, playing fields and gardens |
| Involving Local People | -If people have ownership of ideas and feel involved they are more likely to respond positively -Consulting people at planning stages is very important -Residents form association to have a stronger collective voice -Planners can have surveys before designing and submitting plans |
| Efficient Public Transport Systems | -If the government's limiting the number of cars that can be used, they need to provide alternative transport -Underground, buses and rail links -Look at the London Olympics |
| London Olympics 2012: During the Olympics | -Olympic park built on brownfield sites in formerly derelict Stratford, East London -Physical area improved through parks and landscaping -70% of events took place on site -Majority of athletes and coaches accommodated in nearby Olympic village, reducing transport -No car parking provided, forcing people to use vastly improved transport system -Extensive improvement to the Tube -97% of materials from demolished buildings reused -Timber sourced from sustainable forests -Buildings like the velodrome designed to make maximum use of natural light and ventilation, reducing need of electricity -Rainwater collected and used to irrigate gardens and lawns and flush toilets -Green spaces created, especially along the river Lea -River Lea cleaned of thousands of tonnes of rubbish -Waterside footpaths and tracks for cyclists -4000 new trees planted |
| London Olympics 2012: After the Olympics | -Sports stadiums to be used in the future -2017 World Athletic champions to be held there -Aquatic Centre is now a swimming facility for local residents -High tech international broadcast centre may be used by Media and IT companies, creating 3000 jobs -Some housing from Olympic village now affordable housing for residents |
| Curitiba: Parks | -Population 1.8 million in Brazil -Role model city for sustainability -Network of 28 riverside parks -100 miles of city trails -Lakes have been created in these parks that fill and flood the parkland thereby reducing flooding risk in the city |
| Curitiba: Recycling | -Green exchange programme allows low income families in squatter settlements exchange rubbish for bus tickets -70% of rubbish recycled by residents |
| Curitiba: BRT system | Bus Rapid Transport system -First Brazilian city to have designated bus lanes -Direct lane buses operate from key pick up points -Speedy buses operate on the 5 main city routes with interlinked stops -Inter-district buses join up districts without crossing the city centre -Feeder mini-buses pick people up from residential areas |
| Curitiba: Housing | -COHAB is the cities public housing programme -Goal that residents have homes, not shelters -housing policy that will provide 50 000 homes for the urban poor |
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