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Flashcards by Emily Daniels, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emily Daniels
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Creatine Phosphate is... | Located in the cytosol at concentrations 5-6x more abundant than ATP and is acted on by the enzyme creatine kinase |
| The metabolism of creatine phosphate is regulated in part by: | The ADP concentration of the cell |
| Fast Glycolysis | is operational during short term, high intensity exercise, use carbohydrates as predominate fuel source, rapidly generates an electron acceptor (NAD+), rapidly generates lactic acid, and rapidly generates ATP |
| A "high energy" of the cell is represented by... | High ATP and low creatine kinase |
| Approximately 70% of oxygen consumption at rest is used to... | Resynthesize ATP that is hydrolyzed by the Na+/K+ pumps on the cell membrane |
| Pyruvate is... | Reduced to lattice acid when oxygen is not available to act as the final electron acceptor |
| A person consuming 1.32L of oxygen per minute while running. They are working at 6METS. What is their resting oxygen consumption in mL O2/min? | 1.32L/6 METS = .22Lx1000 = 220mL O2/min |
| A reasonable estimate of resting oxygen consumption is... | 350 mL O2/min = 1MET |
| In general, during short term, high intensity exercise.... this system predominates | Anaerobic energy production/fast glycolysis/non oxidative metabolism |
| A trained person and an untrained person begin to exercise at a submax workload. Which will reach steady state first? What does steady state mean? Why does that person reach stead state first? | The trained person. O2 supply meets O2 demand because their ability to deliver O2 via circulatory system is greater and their ability to extract oxygen at the tissue level is enhanced. |
| During exercise, exhalation of CO2 increases... CO2 comes from? | Pyruvate being oxidized to acetyl COA and citrate conversion to oxaloacetate during the KREBS cycle. |
| In the cytosol... | Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serves as a platform that binds pyruvate and NADH, to catalyze pyruvate reduction to lactate, and NADH oxidation to NAD+ |
| In the mitochondria... | Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) serves as a platform that binds pyruvate and NAD+, actetyl COA is formed and goes to the KREBS cycle, and NADH is formed and goes to the ETC |
| Correctly identify the types of muscle fibers found in the body | Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx |
| It is not unreasonable to estimate that... | 2 ATP can eventually be derived from FADH entering at the second proton pump, whereas 3 ATP can eventually be derived from NADH entering at the first proton pump |
| NADH and FADH enter the ETC at different sites... | NADH enters at the first proton pump, causing 10 H+ to be pumped to the inter membrane space and FADH enters at the second proton pump, causing 6 H+ to be pumped to the inter membrane space. |
| The majority of postural muscles are made up of which fiber type? | Type 1 |
| In skeletal muscle, pyruvate crosses the mitochondrial membrane... | Via the glycerol phosphate shuttle, an oxidation reduction reaction, wherein NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as FAD+ is reduced to FADH |
| If physical exercise is performed at the proper intensity, frequency, and duration... | Resting HR will decrease secondary to enhanced parasympathetic tone, and the expression of the oxidative enzyme (citrate sythatase, is citratase dehydrogenase) will increase in skeletal muscle. |
| Type I muscle fibers are characterized by... | Slow velocity, low force, high myoglobin, high mitochondrial density, low fatigability. |
| 3 more ATP will be generated eventually if a foodstuff enters the appropriate pathway as acetyl COA vs. pyruvate | FALSE |
| For a 20C fatty acid, the net ATP production will be... | 20/2 = 10-1 = 9 CYCLES 9 FADH x 2 = 18 9 NADH x 3 = 27 10 Acetyl COA x 12 = 120 18 + 27 + 120 = 165 - 2 = 163 |
| A 24-C fatty acid requires how many cycles of beta oxidation are required for it's full "preparation" to enter the KREBS cycle? | 24/2 - 1 = 11 Cycles |
| Match the primary rate limiting enzyme with the stage of metabolism that it regulates KREBS CYCLE GLYCOLYSIS ETC/OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION | KREBS = isocitrate dehydrogenase Glycolysis = phosphofructokinase ETC = cytochrome oxidase |
| Fat is an excellent fuel, in part, because: | It is more energy dense (9kcal/g) than either carbohydrate or protein (4kcal/g) AND it is stored dry (whereas each gram of glycogen is stored with 2.7g of water) thus the energy content is not diluted and bulk is saved. |
| Which of the following is NOT a fate of lactic acid? | reduction to pyruvate in slow oxidative muscle fibers, when oxygen is available |
| The ability of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to make new glucose | gluconeogenesis |
| Which pathways DO NOT involve and initial energy investment phase prior to an energy production phase? | KREBS cycle and ETC |
| Where does the process take place? KREBS cycle Fast glycolysis 3 proton pumps to increase proton concentration pyruvate dehydrogenase acts as a platform here for pyruvate and NAD+ to bind to and ultimately forming acetyl COA and NADH | KREBS = mitochondria Fast glycolysis = cytoplasm 3 proton Pumps = inter membrane space PDH = mitochondria |
| Stearate is an 18-C fatty acid, how many high energy phosphate molecules are consumed during the activation phase prior to beta oxidation? | 2 |
| Short-term, high intensity exercise... | Can stimulate glycogenolysis via calcium release as a result of muscle contraction. Would be associated with high blood lactate Would be associated with intramuscular lactic acid accumulation Can stimulate glycogenolysis in response to high levels of epinephrine |
| Blood glucose is maintained during exercise, at least in part by... | blocking glucose entry in cells |
| Cardiovascular disease is a stress on the body, this might result in... | greater circulating levels of catecholamines |
| If exercise training is performed at the proper intensity, frequency and duration... a hallmark training effect is... | greater parasympathetic tone resulting in resting bradycardia |
| In general, HR can increase from approximately 100 beats/min up to 220-age at least in part via | Norepinephrine evoking a positive inotropic effect epinephrine acting on beta 1 receptors of the atria and ventricles Norepinephrine acting on beta 1 receptors on atria and ventricles Epi evoking a positive inotropic effect |
| When the rate of glycolysis is... due to reduced substrate, i.e. low muscle glycogen, pyruvic acid levels decrease- resulting in a reduced number of... This can result in fatigue | Slowed, KREBS cycle intermediates |
| Sensitivity of insulin receptor to circulating insulin can be improved by exercise training | True |
| The best place to sample blood from to obtain an estimate of venous drainage from all circulations would be | the right atrium |
| Why does reduced KREBS cycle activity lower ATP production from fat metabolism? Because acetyl COA produced as a result of FFA oxidation can only be metabolized via the KREBS cycle. Therefor when... stores are depleted, the rate at which... is metabolized also is... i.e. "fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates" | Carbohydrate, fat, reduced |
| Skeletal muscle glucose uptake can increase in response to: | insulin binding to the insulin receptors and subsequently causing GLUT4 translocation from cytosol to the membrane |
| At the onset of exercise, sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes... and ... to be synthesized and released into the blood where they activate... receptors on the atria and ventricles to increase the ... and ... properties of the heart | Epinephrine and Norepinephrin, beta 1, inotropic and chronotropic |
| When you think about exercise... release onto the... node... and the heart rate... from its resting 70beats/min to its intrinsic rate of approximately... | acetylcholine, SA, decreases, 100beats/min |
| During exercise... | norepi and epi stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon from alpha cells AND norepi and epic stimulate pancreas to decrease insulin release from beta cells. |
| Glucose uptake by active skeletal muscles actually increase during dynamic exercise because... | Blood flow is redirected from less metabolically active tissue toward more metabolically active tissue. GLUT4 translocation from cytosol to membrane (glucose uptake) is more predominant in active vs. less active tissues. Blood flow (e.g. insulin) is redirected from less active tissue toward more active tissue |
| During exercise growth hormone... | Blocks glucose uptake to favor FFA use |
| Consider hormonal control of blood glucose levels during exercise... | cortisol acts to maintain blood glucose by providing amino acids for liver gluconeogenesis |
| Compared to an untrained person, a person who has trained at a sufficient intensity, frequency, and duration might exhibit | lower circulating blood lactate at submax exercise AND enhanced ability to utilize FFA to make ATP |
| Blood glucose is maintained during exercise by... | An increase in liver glycogenolysis |
| Epinephrine can... | Increase glycogenolysis during short-term high intensity exercise AND contribute to lipolysis during longer duration, lower intensity type exercise |
| Growth hormone and thyroid hormone and cortisol... | Do not change much in circulation to have a permissive effect Are slow acting that assist in maintaining glucose Are "classic" hormones governed by a "releasing hormone" |
| The least resistance to blood flow is... whereas the highest surface area is in the... and the... contain the greatest percentage of blood volume. | Aorta, capillaries, systemic veins |
| The phase of the heart when both the....valves are opened is called... | Aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar valve Ventricular ejection phase |
| The period between A & E represents... | see curve quiz 6 |
| The period between C and B | see curve quiz 6 |
| The increase in afterload, represented as the letter... is the pressure that must be overcome by the... and ... to being... | C, left ventricle, left ventricle, right ventricle, ventricular ejection phase AND E, left atrium, tricuspid valve, diastolic filling phase |
| If point A on the pressure volume loop occurs at 60mL on the X axis. Ejection fraction of this ventricle for this particular cardiac cycle would be... | EJ = 150 - 60/150 = 60% EJ= EDV - SDV/EDV |
| Ejection fraction is a clinically relevant indicator of... and would be... in response to dynamic exercise in a person with heart failure. | myocardial contractility compromised |
| If HR was 70beats/min, the cardiac output of this person would be... | CO = HR x SV CO = 70 x 90 = 6,300mL/1000 = 6.3L |
| An exercise stress test is used to increase the demand for... by the heart. If the... of oxygen cannot meet demand for oxygen a process called... will develop. This can disrupt the... activity of the heart which can be detected by trained individuals by monitoring the... | Oxygen Supply Ischemia Electrical Electrocardiogram |
| At the onset of exercise there is a global vasoconstriction caused by activation of the... division of the autonomic nervous system. This is caused by... released from adrengic nerve terminals to activate... receptors. | Sympathetic Norepinephrine Alpha 1 receptors |
| Global vasoconstriction at the onset of dynamic exercise is most prominent in the... and... regions of the circulation because the receptors are involved are... in these regions | Renal and Splanchnic Very dense |
| At the onset of dynamic exercise there is an increase in myocardial contractility caused by activation of the... division of the autonomic nervous system which stimulates release of... and... from adrenal medulla to activate... receptors | Sympathetic Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Beta 1 |
| The least resistance to blood flow is in the... whereas the highest blood pressures are found in the... and the... contain the greatest percentage of blood volume. | Capillaries Aorta systemic veins |
| Three principal mechanisms for increasing venous return during exercise are... | Venoconstriction Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump |
| If all else is equal, the Frank-Starling principle of the heart illustrates that... | increased left ventricular and end diastolic volume will increase stroke volume |
| The pressure increase from B to C can be quantified as... | see quiz 7 dp/dt (mmHg/sec) AND the change in pressure/ the change in time |
| The point E represents... It will... when... increases as a healthy person transitions from rest to exercise. | End-diastolic volume Decrease Ejection fraction |
| Afterload is represented by point... it will.. during... type exercise | C Decrease Dynamic exercise |
| Compared to pre-exercise conditions... during dynamic exercise... | The skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and venoconstriction work together to increase preload. Venous return increases The pressure gradient from the systemic veins back to the heart increases The percentage of total cardiac output directed to the renal and splanchnic circulation decreases |
| An individuals maximal force generated (MVC) using a handgrip dynamometer is 32kg. After a rest period, the maintain 16kg of force for 2 min. which is true? | This contraction is of sufficient intensity to nip off arterial inflow and venous outflow, AND there is an increase in afterload, making it harder to open the aortic and semilunar valves |
| In order to increase oxygen demands of active skeletal muscle during dynamic type exercise, at least two major adjustments occur... they include... | An increase in heart rate and reduction in systemic vascular resistance AND increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from less active to more active skeletal muscle. |
| What is MAP pre-exercise? | MAP = ((SBP - DBP) x .333) + DBP MAP = ((120mmHg - 80mmHg) x .333) + 80MMhG =93mmHg |
| According to Poiseullies Law... | flow through a tube is hindered by increasing the length of the tube. |
| What is HR during exercise? | Q = HR x SV HR = Q/SV 15,400mL/beat/ 78mL/beat = 197 beats/min |
| What is stoke volume pre exercise? | Q = HR x SV SV = Q/HR SV = 4500mL/min / 66beats/min = 68mL/beat |
| What is SVR during exercise? | SVR= MAP/Q MAP = ((SBP-DBP) x .333) + DBP MAP = ((136mmHg - 77mmHg) x .333) + 77mmHg = 96mmHg SVR = 96mmHg/ 15,400mL = .006 mmHg/mL/min |
| What is VO2 during exercise? | VO2 = Q x a-vO2 diff VO2 = 14mL O2 (given value) VO2 = 15,400mL/min x 14mL O2 = 2,156 mL O2/min |
| What is VO2 pre exercise? | VO2 = Q x a-vO2 diff a-vO2 = 15mL O2/ 100mL blood = .15mL O2 VO2 = 4500mL/min x .15mL O2 = 225mL O2/min |
| Which are true concerning the different strategies that tissues use so that blood flow (supply) can meet metabolic demand during dynamic exercise at 85% VO2 max? | In working skeletal muscle, blood flow increases markedly, a-vO2 diff increases markedly, and VO2 increases markedly |
| Exercise such as jogging, cycling, swimming, and cross country skiing evoke a... overload on the heart which can result in... hypertrophy if done at the proper intensity, frequency, and duration | Volume Eccentric |
| Exercise such as circuit training using resistance exercise at >60-70% of IRM would evoke... overload which can result in... hypertrophy if done at the proper intensity, frequency, and duration | Pressure Concentric |
| Sympathetic stimulation at the onset of exercise can increase circulating concentrations of catecholamines... regarding the increase in blood flow to active skeletal muscle... | Epinephrine can act on beta 2 receptors to cause vasoconstriction |
| With regard to dynamic rhythmic contractions... the skeletal muscle pump is sometimes referred to as the "second heart" because it can | evoke pressure gradients that facilitate flow back to the right heart and evoke pressure gradients that actually suck flow into the active skeletal muscle |
| Nitric Oxide that is released from... can act on... to facilitate... AND nitric oxide released from... can act on... to facilitate... | Endothelial cells Vascular smooth muscle Functional hyperemia Endothelial cells Vascular smooth muscle Reactive hyperemia |
| In a disease free adult heart, approx. 95% of ATP production is derived from... with the remainder belong derived from... and GTP formation in the... | Mitchondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Glycolysis Krebs cycle |
| Exercise training can increase myocardial mass by > 20% if done at the proper intensity, frequency, and duration. The hypertrophy of the cardio myocytes themselves, which may increase in size by adding new sarcomas either in... (concentric hypertrophy) thus increasing cardiac wall... or in... (eccentric hypertrophy) thus increasing chamber volume. | Parallel Thickness Series Volume |
| Would you characterize the heart as being flexible or not flexible with regard to substrate utilization | Flexible |
| VO2 (mL/min) =cardiac output (mL blood/min) x arterial - venous oxygen difference (mL O2/mL blood). Said another way, oxygen consumption (VO2) = delivery i.e. flow (cardiac output) x uptake i.e. oxygen extraction i.e. (arterial - venous oxygen diff) if you wanted to measure oxygen consumption (VO2) of the heart, you would use... for the delivery component and... as the arterial oxygen component and... as the venous oxygen component. | Coronary blood flow Aorta oxygen content Coronary sinus oxygen content |
| Afferent feedback to the cardiovascular control center during the contraction would be provided in part by... | Mechanical activation of group III afferents initially, followed by metabolic activation of group IV afferents |
| If baroreceptors sense a decrease in blood pressure below set point, there will be... afferent nerve activity to cardiovascular control center, which will... sympathetic nerve activity and... parasympathetic nerve activity to try and correct error signal | Decreased Increase Decrease |
| If all else is equal, and there is a progressive... in blood pressure, the blood vessel will... tone i.e.... diameter | Increase/Decrease Increase/Decrease Reduce/Increase |
| The carotid bodies are chemoreceptors that are... | sensitive to pH, PCO2, H+, PO2, and located on the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid |
| Functional sympatholysis that occurs during exercise when sympathetic vasoconstriction is overwhelmed in the working muscle, in part by... | The accumulation of metabolic end products |
| A subject produces 20kg of force when asked to perform maximal handgrip, when the subject maintains 15kg of force for 2min.. | Their HR, BP, myocardial contractility, and ventilation will increase |
| An individuals maximal force generated using a handgrip dynamometer is 32kg. After a rest period, they maintain 16kg of force for 2 min. which are true concerning the cardiovascular response? | Because of increased resistance to ventricular emptying, it is harder for the left ventricle to open the aortic semilunar valve and therefore myocardial oxygen demand increases. |
| A subject produces 20kg of force when asked to perform a MVC. If the subject releases the handgrip, but blood flow is NOT allowed to re-perfuse the tissue because an occlusion cuff has been placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure above systolic arterial pressure... | Group IV afferent nerve activity will continue to respond to metabolic end products and sympathetic nerve activity will remain elevated. |
| Occulsion chart The reduction in blood flow at the onset of occlusion 1 (40% MVC) likely results from... in this situation afterload... and BP... | "Nipping off of arteries" Increases Increases |
| A subject produces 20kg of force when performing MVC. When subject maintains 15kg of force for 2 min. when subject releases their grip... | Blood flow perfuses the previously metabolically active tissue in a phenomenon called "reactive hypernemia" AND blood flow perfuses the previously metabolically active tissue, at least in part, due to the increased diameter of the arterioles produced by metabolic end products acting on vascular smooth muscle |
| Breathing frequency (breaths/min) x tidal volume is referred to as.... and a reasonable value for this at rest would be... | Pulmonary ventilation 7.5L |
| In the standing position at rest, blood flow is less at the top of lung. This results from the fact that... | Pulmonary perfusion pressure is higher at the bottom vs. the top and middle portions of the lung. pulmonary vessels are very compliant Lung blood flow is very responsive to gravity, AND pulmonary perfusion pressure is higher at the bottom vs. the top and middle of the lung Lung blood flow is very responsive to gravity |
| Regarding the exercise-induced increase in blood flow through the lungs, which statement is true? | Pulmonary vascular resistance is less than systemic vascular resistance |
| If someone had a low hemoglobin content of 11g/100mL of blood, what would their arterial oxygen content be at rest? Assume that hemoglobin is 97% saturated. Assume that no oxygen is dissolved in plasma. Each molecule of Hb can potentially carry 1.34mL O2. | 11g/100mL x 1.34mL O2 x .97 = 14.3 mL O2/100mL blood |
| During exercise, the vascular smooth muscle of the bronchioles dilates so that the airway can increase in diameter to therefore decrease the resistance to breathing. This is accomplished, in part, by... | sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla, release of epinephrin, and activation of beta 2 receptors on the smooth muscle around the bronchioles |
| The solubility coefficient of oxygen is .00304mL O2/100mL/mmHg. What is the arterial-venous oxygen difference IN THE PLASMA during sub maximal exercise at sea level if venous PO2 is 20mmHg | 100mmHg arterial PO2 - 20mmHg venous PO2 = 80mmHg 80mmHg x .00304mL O2/100mL/mmHg = .243mL O2/100 mL plasma |
| Which are true concerning the different "strategies" that tissues use so that blood flow (supply) can meet demand during dynamic exercise at 85% VO2 max? | In working skeletal muscle, blood flow increases markedly, a-vO2 difference increases markedly, and VO2 increases markedly |
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