4185317
Description
Flashcards by Sophie Burk, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sophie Burk
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| State the 3 functions of blood during exercise | a. transportation (oxygen, waste, nutrients) b. temperature regulation c. pH balance |
| State the components (and their percentages) of blood and normal blood volume | Plasma (water/vitamins):55% Formed Elements (RBC/WBC/platelets): 45% averages: 4-6L |
| Define and describe erythrocytes | red blood cells; formed in bone marrow, kidneys determine correct hematocrit (blood volume comprised of RBC, av. 35-50%), no nucleus, transport oxygen to working muscles and organs using hemoglobin, live ~120 days, increased through training |
| Define and describe the role of leukocytes | white blood cells; formed in bone marrow, protect body from infection, form antibodies to attack infection |
| Define and describe the role of thrombocytes | platelets; formed in bone marrow through thrombopoiesis, cell fragments, blood coagulation/clotting, prevents blood loss, low count = anemia |
| Define and describe the role of plasma | functions to transport electrocytes, proteins, nutrients, hormones, salts, 90% water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid part of blood, yellowish |
| (Heart Diagram) | |
| Differentiate between ventricles and atria | ventricles: muscular, serve to pump blood atria: serve to receive blood |
| Describe valves | one way, prevent the backflow of blood into atria and ventricles, heart contracts, valve opens, blood flows to next cavity |
| Differentiate between arteries and veins | arteries: move oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body (red) veins: move oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart for oxygenation (blue) |
| Describe the purposes of the left atrium of the heart | left, upper chamber, it receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs via pulmonary vein |
| Describe the purposes of the right atrium of the heart | right, upper chamber of the heart, it receives oxygen-poor blood from the body through the inferior and superior vena cava |
| Describe the purposes of the left ventricle of the heart | left, lower chamber, pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta |
| Describe the purpose of the right ventricle of the heart | right, lower chamber, pumps blood into the pulmonary artery |
| Describe the purposes of the bicuspid valve | prevents backflow of blood from ventricle to atrium (between left atrium and left ventricle) |
| Describe the purposes of the tricuspid valve | flaps between the right atrium and the right ventricle. composed of three leaf-like parts and prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium |
| Describe the purposes of the aortic valve | semilunar valve separating aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood flow from flowing back into the left ventricle |
| Describe the purposes of the pulmonary valve | the flaps between the right ventricle and the right pulmonary artery. |
| Describe the Vena Cava (superior and inferior) | Superior: large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to the right atrium Inferior: large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood from the lower body to the right atrium |
| Describe the pulmonary vein | blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
| Describe the aorta | biggest and longest artery in the body, carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body |
| Describe the pulmonary artery | The blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs |
| Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of HR (include SA/AV nodes and heart areas) | the Sa node, the heart's pacemaker (but it is influenced by the central nervous sytem). electrical impulse is generated by SA node and travels across the atria to the AV node to the ventricles |
| Describe the role of the Sympathetic Nervous System during heart rate regulation | prepares body for action, sends signals from cardiac centre to pacemaker in response to increased demand for oxygen during exercise; releases noradrenaline to increase HR. baroceptors in arteries respond to increased 02 demand |
| Describe the role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System during heart rate regulation | part of autonomic nervous system, returns body to rest after exercise, acts on the pacemaker/SA node to slow down heart rate during recovery |
| Describe Pulmonary Circulation | part of the cardiovascular system which brings oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart for use |
| Describe Systemic Circulation | part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-rich blood to the body for use |
| Describe the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and HR | cardiac output= stroke volume x HR stroke volume and HR increase during exercise |
| Where does the Autonomic Nervous System originates | the medulla oblongata of the brain |
| Describe the length of cardiac diastole | period of relaxation, .5 seconds. atria fill with blood, valves are closed |
| Describe the length of cardiac systole | period of contraction, .3 seconds, valves open, ventricles fill with blood |
| Describe what happens during both atrial and ventricular systole | atrial: SA node sends electrical impulses to atrium walls, contraction forces blood into ventricles and valves close ventricular: pressure inside ventricles push open valves, electrical signal to purkinje fibres, blood flows to both systems |
| Define both systolic and diastolic blood pressure | systolic: force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction diastolic: force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation |
| Define cardiovascular drift | the increase in heart rate that occurs during prolonged endurance exercise with little or no change in workload |
| Describe how both systolic and diastolic BP respond to exercise | systolic BP usually rises dramatically while diastolic remains very similar massive changes in BP may signify heart disease or developing high BP |
| Describe the distribution of blood during exercise | blood shunts away from non-essentials like digestion, to working muscles and essential organs. blood comes to surface to release heat |
| Describe cardiovascular adaptations from endurance training | increased left ventricular volume (that pumps blood) now pumps more blood (is stronger), higher stroke volume, lower exercising HR (doesn't have to work as hard for equal work) |
| Describe capillarization and arterio-venous oxygen difference | capillarization: formation and development of a network of capillaries to bodily area arterio-venous oxygen difference: indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body, increases during exercise (as muscles increase oxygen extracted from blood) |
| Explain maximal oxygen consumption | maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise, most typically on a motorized treadmill |
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