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Description
Flashcards by Darcey Griffiths, updated about 2 months ago
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Created by Darcey Griffiths
about 2 months ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Weltanschauung – world view, philosophy of life | German cultural life during the Third Reich was seen as yet another means of achieving indoctrination Culture was co-ordinated through the Reich Chamber of Culture Seven sub-chambers: fine arts, music, theatre, the press, the radio, literature and films. Everyone involved in cultural activity had to be accountable for their creativity |
| Propaganda- key themes | Goebbels and the Nazis sought to project key themes: Anti-Semitism Militarism Nationalism Supremacy of the Aryan race Cult of the Fuhrer Anti-modernism Traditional German ‘Volks’ culture Not all at once -overwhelm |
| Newspapers | Eventually, directly or indirectly, the Press was controlled by Eher Verlag (Nazi publishing house). RMVP (Ministry for Enlightenment and Propaganda) told editors where to place articles. Nazi Press Agency supplied estimated 50% of content. From 1933 all editors and journalists had to be accredited by Goebbels Clause 14 obliged editors to exclude anything ‘calculated to weaken the strength of the Reich’- Treason to spread false news or rumours |
| Radio | Radio wardens appointed to report on people’s reactions to specific broadcasts Provisions made for cheap radios called Volksempfänger (people’s receiver) Volksempfänger could not pick up foreign broadcasts Between 1932-9 the number of families with radios rose from 25% to 70% Radio was controlled from 1925 by the Reich Radio Company In 1934 Goebbels dismissed 13% of RRC on political or racial grounds. All news broadcasts came through the Nazi Office of Propaganda |
| Film | Nazi government bought up shares in 4 major film companies.- By 1942 film companies completely state controlled- Unified under the UFI Film going quadrupled between 1933 and 1942 Over 1000 films produced during the Third Reich. Nazis often used newsreels shown before the start of feature films- very few overtly antisemitic- only Nazis would choose to go into cinema to see that |
| Music | Germany had a rich classical tradition which suited the Nazi’s cultural propaganda objectives- Jewish composers, e.g. Mahler and Mendelssohn banned- New wave, modernist composers e.g. Stravinsky, Schoenberg were disparaged New genres, e.g. jazz labelled ‘Negroid’ and ‘degenerate’ |
| Posters | Poster production controlled by the Office for Active Propaganda- Copies of all political material had to be submitted in advance to the office- Unapproved materials were confiscated |
| Literature | In 1933 there were book burnings at the universities of Berlin and Nuremberg 10 May 1933 central square in Berlin the largest book burning event took place Raids on public and private libraries Goebbels wanted eradicate ‘overstated Jewish intellectualism’ Books burned which were Jewish, socialist or pacifist by nature |
| Literature pt2 | In 1933 there were book burnings at the universities of Berlin and Nuremberg 10 May 1933 central square in Berlin the largest book burning event took place Raids on public and private libraries Goebbels wanted eradicate ‘overstated Jewish intellectualism’- Books burned which were Jewish, socialist or pacifist by nature |
| Rallies | Rallies were a regular feature of Nazi propaganda, with the first official rally in Nuremberg, 1927- As well as attending rallies, Hitler would parade through streets in open-top processions- Many streets were renamed Adolf Hitler Staβe following a visit from the Fuhrer |
| Rallies pt2 | Speer specialised in designing and choreographing rallies Used the ‘architecture of light’ to maximise the effect of gatherings and speakers Combined effects of uniforms, flags and banners, icons like the eagle and swastika and held meetings at night |
| Sport | Sporting bodies co-ordinated under a Reichssportsführer Hitler Youth and DAF (German Labour Front, Nazi trade union movement) organised sporting events Aim was to encourage fitness and health (useful qualities for increasing Germany’s military strength) Gym displays were also seen as another way of presenting an ordered, regimental society |
| Sport- olympics | Nazis made great efforts to ensure 1936 Berlin Olympics were a propaganda success New stadium in modernist style Hitler saw Olympics as an opportunity to show the racial superiority of German people Ant-semitic propaganda was minimised and the emphasis in posters and speeches was on internationalism Germany headed gold medals table, despite Black American, Jesse Owens winning 100m FA ordered footballers to give the Nazi salute before their match against Germany in 1938 (England won 6-3!) |
| Art | Hitler had very strong views on art and they formed the basis of cultural policy Art critics were answerable to the state, and from 1936 could only provide ‘descriptive reviews’ Certain styles of art were given political labels, e.g. expressionism was described by Alfred Rosenberg, the Culture Minister, as ‘Bolshevik filth’ |
| Art pt2 | 19 July, Exhibition of Degenerate Art opened 5,000 exhibits labelled as degenerate, Bolshevik or artistically poor Deemed to reflect cultural decadence of Weimar era Included works by Emil Nolde, Max Beckmann as well as works by Gaugin, Van Gogh and Picasso 2,000,000 attended exhibition Works later destroyed, sent abroad or kept by Goering! |
| Architecture | Hitler was personally interested in architecture as well as art Rejected decadent architectural styles, e.g. work of Gropius and favoured more traditional neo-classical style of Troost Albert Speer was Nazi architect who particularly admired the monumentalism of neo-classical art Local housing was to be inspired by traditional art regional styles |
| Hard to determine how successful Nazi propaganda was | Problems: quantifying people’s responses- people won't go against Nazis during reign but will distance themselves after impact of social, political, economic and religious context-don't know if they were really influenced- don't want to be punished, cast out in society, fired, believed to support 'wrong' religion effect of Nazi repression |
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