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Description
Flashcards by Greg MacPherson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Greg MacPherson
over 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unit Five - Module 31 Studying and Encoding Memories | Studying and Encoding Memories |
| memory | The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. |
| recall | Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. |
| recognition | Identifying items previously learned. |
| relearning | Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. |
| encoding | The process of getting information into the memory system. |
| storage | The process of retaining encoded information over time. |
| retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| parallel processing | Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
| sensory memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
| short-term memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
| long-term memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
| working memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
| explicit memory | Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." Also known as declarative memory |
| effortful processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| automatic processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings. |
| implicit memory | Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. Also known as nondeclarative memory |
| iconic memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| echoic memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
| mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| spacing effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study. |
| testing effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also known as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. |
| shallow processing | Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words. |
| deep processing | Encoding semantically; based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve. |
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