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Description
Flashcards by Saskia Wellstead , updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Saskia Wellstead
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behaviour that is due to some experience |
| Classical Conditioning | The learned association between stimulus and a response |
| Unconditional Response (UCR) | Behaviour over which one has no control; it's automatic |
| Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) | Anything that causes a UCR |
| Conditional Stimulus (CS) | The stimulus that is presented with UCS |
| Conditional Response (CR) | The response that occurs when CS is present |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that initially produces no specific response other than to focus attention. In Classical Conditioning when used with a UCS, the NS becomes a CS |
| Positive Reinforcement | Leads to behaviour that is repeated because the consequences have been positive and the individual finds it rewarding |
| Negative Reinforcement | Takes place when our behaviour stops something nasty happening |
| Punishment | A consequence that weakens behaviour (makes it less likely to happen again) |
| Classical Conditioning- Pavlov's Dogs | Aim: Pavlov was not intending to study conditioning Method: He presented food in a bowl to a dog several times, in the end the dog salivated even when the bowl was empty. the dog had been conditioned to salivate. Taking it further Pavlov rang a bell when giving the food Results: After several times, the dog salivated to the bell Conclusion: Over time the dogs learned to salivate when the bell was ringing. Because of this whenever the stimuli was present the response was given |
| Evaluation - Pavlov's Dogs | - You cannot generalise Humans with dogs + Lots of real life examples of conditioned humans - Passive learners can do something after one go - Lacks ethical consideration |
| Pavlov's Proposals - Extinction | When the conditioned stimulus no longer triggers the response |
| Pavlov's Proposals - Spontaneous Recovery | The behaviour may be extinct but is not forgotten |
| Pavlov's Proposals - Generalisation | When the response is triggered by something similar to the original stimulus |
| Pavlov's Proposals - Discrimination | The animal can learn not to generalise |
| Classical Conditioning - Watson & Raynor (1920) Little Albert | Aim: To see if it was possible to condition somebody to become phobic using the principles of CC Method: Albert, 11 mo orphan, was given a rat to play with. A bar then made a loud noise above his head that scared him. This was done several times Results: The researcher then stopped hitting the bar but still gave him a white rat. Albert was frightened and tried to crawl away and cry Conclusion: Albert had learned to associate the rat with the loud bar that created a fear response. He learnt this through CC |
| Evaluation - Little Albert | - Ethics - Albert was unprotected and they never unconditioned him - Validity - There was no control group so it could have just have been exposure to strange creatures - Reliability - There was only one participant |
| Operant Conditioning | - Learning through operating with the environment - If we do something and it brings a pleasant consequence then we are more likely to do it again - If there is an unpleasant consequence then we are less likely to do it again |
| Rewards | Intrinsic Reward - Non-Physical Extrinsic Reward - Physical |
| Law Of Effect | + Pleasant consequences get 'Stamped in' - Unpleasant consequences get 'Stamped Out' |
| Operant Conditioning - Skinner's Rats | - An animal inside a box and a lever or key that could deliver food. The animals became quicker at pressing the lever as they knew a reward would come - Skinner concluded that behaviour can be shaped and maintained by it's consequences - Skinner tried varying his research. Sometimes the rat would receive a shock and sometimes there was no food |
| Reinforcement | - Primary Reinforcement - Anything that satisfies a basic human need - Secondary Reinforcement - Pleasant Rewards e.g. money - Vicarious Reinforcement - Reinforcing behaviour by observing others getting praise or a reward |
| Behaviour Shaping | Reinforcement can be used to create new behaviour by shaping random behaviour and building up a sequence |
| Punishment | - Any consequence that weakens behaviour - Skinner believed it has a limited effect - Better to reward right behaviour than punish the bad |
| Evaluation - Operant Conditioning | - Individual Differences - People learn without consequences + Proven to work - Has to be consistent to work + Way society works +Eventually learn to do it |
| Phobias | 'An intense, persistent & irrational fear of something which is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid and escape' |
| Overcoming Phobias - Classical Conditioning Systematic Desensitisation | - The person is exposed gradually to the feared stimulus in the hopes of causing extinction - Hierarchy of Fear - Relaxation techniques with the hierarchy - Don't move on a stage until ready |
| Evaluation - Systematic Desensitisation | - Could take time (years) - Could Backfire + Generally successful for treating phobias of animals / objects + Few ethical concerns as patient actively involved + More suitable for use with children than other methods - Expensive - Patient could suffer panic or heart attack |
| Overcoming Phobias - Classical Conditioning Implosion & Flooding | - Idea that you can't maintain the fear response - A phobic is exposed to their fear & creates an intense fear response - The phobic cannot escape - Over time the response becomes exhausted |
| Evaluation - Implosion & Flooding | + Consent is needed - Right to withdraw is taken - Could reinforce phobia + Technique is mostly successful + Cheaper than desensitisation - Only works on specific phobias |
| Overcoming Phobias - Classical Conditioning Aversion Therapy | Classical conditioning that shows behaviour is unpleasant e.g Alcohol -An alcoholic is given a drug that causes nausea -Then given the drug & an alcoholic drink -Pairing occurs several times so the alcohol is associated with nausea |
| Evaluation - Aversion Therapy | - Reduces rather than erases + Clearly - understandable theoretical explanation + No more ethical issues than other methods - There are still ethical issues - Client may feel unduly pressured to accept - Only used to eradicate undesirable behaviour + Generally works with alcoholics - Generalisation may occur |
| Overcoming Phobias - Operant Conditioning Token Economy | - Behaviour shaping - Behaviour is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for something the individual wants |
| Evaluation - Token Economy | - Can be used on vulnerable people - People come to expect rewards |
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