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| Question | Answer |
| What are reflex actions? | Reflex actions are innate, automatic reaction involving a simple rapid response to specific stimulus. Which does not depend on conscious thought or processing by the brain. |
| Define Maturation | Maturation is the orderly, sequential changes the body is genetically predetermined to undertake is referred to as maturation. Certain behaviours are not possible until a specific developmental stage has been reached. |
| Summarise Pavlov's theory | |
| What is the key difference between a reinforcer and a punisher? | A reinforcer is any stimulus that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response. A punisher on the other hand is any stimulus that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a response. |
| What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement? Give an example to illustrate your understanding. | For example, the Thorndike cat-in-the-box experiment rewarded the cat for pulling the lever and retrieving food, whereas in the pigeon experiment, the bird was punished for pecking the button. |
| Patting your dog on the head when he sits on command would be considered positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, response cost or punishment? | Positive Reinforcement |
| Receiving a high score on your exam would be considered positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, response cost or punishment? | Response Cost |
| Having your mobile phone confiscated by your teacher after it rings during a psychology class would be considered positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, response cost or punishment? | Negative Reinforcement |
| Opening the door of a beeping microwave to take out your frozen dinner would be considered positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, response cost or punishment? | Response Cost |
| A mother smacking her child would be considered positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, response cost or punishment? | Punishment |
| Explain what is meant by ‘fixed’ and ‘variable’ in terms of a partial reinforcement schedule. | The 'fixed' reinforcement schedule is where the time/count respectively is fixed and cannot vary, whereas the 'variable' reinforcement schedule is distinguished by averages rather than raw data. |
| Define Stimulus Generalisation | Stimulus Generalisation is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat |
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