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| Question | Answer |
| Intraspecific competition | members of same species use same limited resources |
| Interspecific Competition | two different species use same limited resources |
| Types of competition (2) | Exploitation (resource competition), interference (direct conflict) |
| explain the milkshake analogy | exploitation - drink faster, interference - pinch straw |
| significance of α12 | = 1, equal effects of competition, <1, intraspecific competition is stronger, >1, interspecific competition is stronger |
| Isocline | graph of N1 = K1 - α12N2 |
| isocline - no crossover | line above outcompetes other, goes to K |
| solving isoclines | follow arrows and vectors to find trend |
| algebraic solutions to isoclines | 1/α21 < K1/K2 > α12 – species 1 wins, 1/α21 > K1/K2 < α12 – species 2 wins, 1/α21 > K1/K2 > α12 – stable equilibrium, 1/α21 < K1/K2 < α12 – unstable equilibrium |
| mete-analysis of experimental studies | ES = (Xe – Xc)/s |
| character displacement | in areas of overlap between species, evolve to fill different niches |
| test to see if competition affects species distribution | Remove species and see if other fills available environment |
| Lotka-Volterra Model of predation | dNprey/dt = rpreyNprey - aNpreyNpredator where a = capture efficiency |
| Predation Types (6) | Herbivores, carnivores, insect parasitoids, parasites, cannibalism, intraguild predation |
| Lotka-Volterra Model of predation - predator | dNpredator/dt = abNpredatorNprey -mNpredator |
| trends in prey isocline | If # predators > r/a, prey #’s decline, if <r/a, prey #’s increase |
| trends in predator isocline | # prey > m/ab, predator #’s increase, if prey < m/ab, predator #’s decrease |
| Neutrally stable equilibrium point | If pushed off point, begin cycling (does not return to equilibrium point) |
| Assumptions of Lotka-Volterra Model of Predation (6) | no crowding effects, no refuge, no alternative food sources, predator is only cause of death for prey, no handling time, no immigration/emigration |
| functional response curve for controlling prey populations | type 1 for most, type 3 for low density |
| requirements for stable cycling in closed population | spacial variability and refuges |
| Community | group of interacting species, populations of many species |
| Species richness | # of species occupying a given area (scale dependent) |
| log-normal distribution | shows # of species correlation with particular abundance - log transformed shows bell curve |
| species diversity | combination of species richness and evenness (relative abundance) |
| Ecological Succesion | changes in species composition of a community over time |
| Primary Succession | after total removal of all organic matter or site that has never been modified by organisms |
| Secondary Succession | after disturbance removes some of the organic matter |
| mechanism facilitation | in relay floristics, environment changed by residents and made more suitable for new species |
| mechanisms of initial floristics model | inhibition or tolerance |
| inhibition mechanism | Early occupants modify environment to prevent establishment of other species |
| tolerance mechanism | Species survive by tolerating conditions and out competing others |
| traits to define stability (5) | resistance, return time, resilience, persistence, constancy |
| keystone species | influence communities more than would be expected based on abundance |
| Ecosystem engineers | non-predator keystone species, Influence resource availability by modifying, maintaining and/or creating new habitats that are subsequently used by other organisms |
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