267842
| Question | Answer |
| Homology | characteristics share common ancestry |
| Analogy | same function, different ancestry |
| Characteristics of Chordates (5) | Notochord at some stage, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharynx, posterial tail, Endostyle/thyroid gland |
| Chordate Origin Hypotheses (3) | From inverted annelid/arthropod, from echinoderm larva, body axis inversion of deuterostome prechordate |
| Major Vertebrate Innovations (5) | Vertebral Column, Head, Jaws, Limbs, Cleidoic Egg |
| Components of vertebral column (4) | backbone, centrum (encloses/replaces notochord), dorsal neural arch, ventral hemal arch (blood vessels) |
| Extant Classes of Vertebrae (7) | Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthys, Amphibian, Reptilian, aves, mammalia |
| Radiation/Diversification | rapid expansion of a clade - adaptive radiation implies particular adaptation driving radiation |
| Allometry | all parts of body do not grow at same rate (ex. lobster claw vs. body) |
| Isometry | proportional growth in all structures |
| geometric vs. arithmetic growth | geometric = x, arithmetic = + |
| Components of biological design (6) | size, shape, environment, strength of materials, force, stability |
| Steps of early Chordate development (3) | cleavage - zygote to multicellular, Gastrulation and neurolation - formation of germ layers, differentiation and organogenesis - germ layers to organs |
| 3 paths of maturation | juvenile to adult, larva-metamorphosis-adult, reproduction as larva |
| Heterochromy | change in timing of developmental events across generations |
| Paedomorphosis | maintenance of juvenile traits in adults of descendants (3 types) |
| Progenesis | Hypomorphosis - somatic development ceases before metamorphic threshold |
| Neoteny | deceleration - development proceeds slower, maturation reached before metamorphic threshold |
| postdisplacement | development initiation at later ontogenetic age |
| Peramorphosis | exaggeration of ancestral adult traits in descendant adults |
| Homeotic Hox Gene function | regulate genes involved in formation of body parts |
| Agnathan groups (3, "4" groups) | Hagfish, Lampreys, Conodonts (extinct), "ostracoderms" |
| major groups of Ostracoderms (4) | Pteraspidomorpha, Anaspids, Thelodants, Osteostracans |
| New Mouth Hypothesis | respiratory demands of active lifestyle = driving force, addition of inhalation muscles, modification of first arch into feeding jaws |
| Characteristics of Placoderms (5) | heavy head and thoracic armour, jaws with beak like plates, paired pectoral and pelvic fins, neck joint, flattened bottom |
| Chondrichthyan characteristics (4) | placoid scales, calcified skeleton, internal fertilization, spiracle |
| Holocephelan modifications (4) | no scales, large tapered caudal fin, upper jaw fused to brain case, long spine in front of dorsal fin |
| Characteristics of Osteichthyes (3) | more bone in endoskeleton, swim bladder, strengthened fins |
| Actinopterygian characteristics (4) | large eye and two nostrils/side, teeth on maxilla/premaxilla/dentary, small overlapping scales, kinetic head skeleton |
| Teleost characteristics (4) | ossified vertebrae, homocercal tail, circular scales, skull allowing jaw mobility |
| Sarcopterygian characteristics (4) | appendages with internal bones and muscles, fins still end with rays, cosmoid scales, doubal dorsal fin in early forms |
| Rhipidistian characteristics (6) | ossified vertebral elements, articulated brain case, labryinthodont teeth, internal nostril (choanae), eyes move upward, skull flattened (later forms) |
| significance of Tiktaalik | intermediate characteristics between fish and tetrapods - "fishapod", ribs, limb-like fins, neck, no bony gill covering |
| hydroxyapatite | collagen fibre matrix + calcium phosphate crystals in bone |
| bone functions (4) | support weight, protect soft parts, anchor muscles, store minerals (calcium) |
| main skeletal components (3) | skull (cranium), axial (vertebral column, ribs, sternum), appendicular (limbs and fins) |
| 3 components of the head skeleton | Chondrocranium (neurocranium), splanchnocranium, dermatocranium |
| 6 series of bone elements in dermatiocranium | facial (marginal jaw), orbital, vault (roofing bones), temporal, palatal, mandibular |
| Teleost Skull trends | increased # of skull bones (liberation between elements), narrow mouth, hinge moved forward, jaws move independently of brain case |
| Euautostylic Jaw suspension | upper jaw braced against brain case, hyomandibula not involved (lungfish) |
| Amphistylic Jaw Suspension | upper jaw supported by hyomandibula, connection with brain case (cartilaginous and bony fish) |
| Hyostyly | contact with chondrocranium throuhg hyomandibula, palatoquadrate can slide forward |
| Autostyly | quadrate attaches chondrocranium and jaw directly, hyomandibula becomes invovled in hearing |
| Characteristics of fish Axial Skeletons (5) | fixed link between first vetebrae and skull (no neck), amphicoelous (concave) centra, only trunk/caudal regional differentiation, notochord or centra, movement by lateral undulation |
| Types of fins (3) | Lobe fins(teleost and lungish)/fin fold fins (cartilaginous)/ray fins (bony fish), median fins (dorsal and anal), caudal fin |
| Types of fin rays | ceratotrichia - keratinized rods (elasmobranchs), lepidotrichia - bone/cartilage elements, actinotrichia - keratinized tips |
| Basic structure of fish integument | epidermis (outside)→ basement membrane→ dermis→ hypodermis? (inside) |
| Epidermis | multiple layers of cells with stratum germinatium at base and progressive flattening (squamous) towards surface) |
| Dermis | network of fibres (mostly collagenous, some elastic) that provide structure |
| Function of integument (4) | physical barrier, respiration/excretion/osmotic regulation, thermoregulation, odours and colours in courtship/defence |
| Stratum corneum function and derivatives | protection against desiccation: scales, feathers hair and claws |
| Types of dermal scales (4) |
Image:
scales (image/jpg)
|
| Characteristics of fish gills (4) | lamellae for surface area, counter current exchange, thin water-blood barrier, gill rakers |
| types of internal gills (3) | pouched gills (lamprey), septal gill (shark), opercular gills (teleosts) |
| Trends in evolution of gills | reduction in # of gill bars and chambers, loss of spiracle and septa |
| Gas Bladder | single elongated sac dorsal to gut |
| types of gas bladders (2) | physostomous - pneumatic duct connects to pharynx, physoclistous - no connection to pharynx |
| renal portal vein | blood from tail region to kidneys |
| hepatic portal vein | digestive system to liver |
| Basic structure of fish heart |
Image:
fish_heart.gif (image/gif)
|
| bulbous carteriousus | replaces conus in teleost hearts - passively evens fluid pressure generated by beating heart |
| Early tetrapod theories (4) | crossopterygii = sister group, lungfishes and coelacanths = sister, osteolipiformes = sister, lungfishes more closely related to tetrapods than coelacanth |
| Chiridium | muscular limb with well-defined joints and digits |
| Aconthostega characteristics | vertebrae around notochord, limbs have 8 digits, girdles designed to bear weight, tail with fin rays, internal gills |
| Ichtyostega characteristics | robust, lack internal gills, 7 toes |
| Temnospondyl characteristics | robust bodies, flat skulls |
| Anthracosaur characteristics | medium to large, reptile like, semi aquatic/terrestrial predator, robust skull, seymouriamorpoh larvae with external gills |
| Tetrapod locomotion possibilities (3) | Trot - opposing limbs contact ground, tripodal - third point of support (belly or tail), lateral sequence - always 3 limbs contacting ground |
| Ghost Range | range in fossil record where you know there should be an animal/link but no supporting fossils found |
| Changes from fish to tetrapod (7) | Fin→ chiridium, fused shoulder→ true neck, reinforced vertebral column and girdles, back part of skull is shortened and hyomandibula loses attachment to otic capsule, snout elongates and eyse move on top of head, reduction of bone pattern in front of skull, dermal scales modified into scutes or gastralia (found only on belly) |
| muscles | collection of modified cells that generate force along axis of their fibres (contractile) |
| ways of classifying muscles (3) | by location, method of nervous control, microscopic appearance |
| 3 Major Muscle Groups | Postcranial, Cranial, Heart and Gut |
| Types of Cranial Muscles (3) | branchiomeric, hypobranchial, extrinsic eye |
| Postcranial Muscles (2) | Trunk (axial), appendicular |
| role of axial muscles in tetrapods (4) | Flexion of vertebral column, movement of rib cage, weight support, movement of head |
| epaxial muscles in amniotes (3) | transversopsinal, longissmus dorsi, iliocostalis |
| hypaxial muscles (4) | dorsomedial, medial, lateral, ventral |
| appendicular muscles in fish (2) | posterodorsal to fin, anteroventral to fin |
| 6 trends in muscles between fish and tetrapods | axial diminished/limb more complex, flexible axial function, loss of segmentation, axial associated with girdles, new structures with new muscles, some loss of muscles |
| Fate of mesoderm divisions (4) | myotome - postcranial/some cranial, somitomere - cranial, hypomere - gut and heart, mesenchyme - limb/smooth |
| Adaptations to reduce drag (4) | slime, scales, finlets, keels |
| Tesserae | cartilage mineralized with calcified blocks on surface (seen in sharks) |
| 4 primary tissue types | epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, nervous tissue |
| batoidimorph characteristics (4) | bottom dwelling, enlarged pectoral fin fused to head, tail with sharp spine, some with electric organ |
| Bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles (3 each) | pectoral - clavicle, cleithrum, scapulocoracoid, pelvic - ilium, ischium, pubis |
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