250961
| Question | Answer |
| VLDL | very dense lipoprotein, transports triglycerides |
| major source of cholesterol | liver and intestine |
| primary factors that influence cholesterol levels | diet, gender, genetics |
| substances required to form cholesterol esters | fatty acids and alcohol cholesterols |
| compound needed to metabolize triglycerides to form energy | acetyl CoA |
| lipid storage disease | specific enzyme deficiency or nonfunctional enzyme form |
| equation to calculate LDL | Tcholesterol-HDL+ TG/5 |
| lipid panel | chol+hdl+tg |
| lipemia | turbid or milky appearance of serum after fat ingestion, caused by chylomicrons |
| statorrhea | accumulation of lipids |
| chylomicrons | transport exogenous TG in plasma |
| What does beta lipoprotein primarily consist of | cholesterol |
| Enzymatic method for cholesterol | -cholesterol oxidase,peroxidase method -cholesterol oxidase reacts specifically w free cholesterol only - converts cholesterol esters to free cholesterol |
| HDL | used in risk assessment of CAD |
| adipose tissue | principal site of uptake, chylomicrons and VLDL at meal are transported to tissue in the body |
| what does alcoholism lead to? | increased lipids b/c of liver damage |
| glycogen | the form of glucose stored in muscle and liver |
| characteristics of hyperglycemia | -polyuria, ketouria, glycosuria |
| characteristics of hypoglycemia | -trembling, sweating, nausea, rapid pulse, hunger glucose <70 |
| insulin | involved in the glycolitic process and subsequent storage of glycogen |
| what is insulin synthesized from ? | proinsulin, by beta cells in the pancreas |
| structure of insulin | 2 chain poly peptide |
| characteristics of insulin | decreases blood glucose by stimulating the uptake of glucose into fat and metabolism, promotes the conversion to glycogen or fat storage, stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown, promotes decrease in blood sugar |
| how does increased insulin levels affect glucose intake of cells? | increases the glucose uptake |
| Type 1 diabetes | -insulin dependent -ketoacidosis prone -autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells -occurs in children |
| type 2 diabetes | non insulin dependant |
| GTT and LTT | glucose tolerance and lactose tolerance tests |
| As blood glucose decreases b/c insulin what affects does it have on what hormones? | glucagon, cortisol, epinepherine and growth hormone all increase |
| conc of glucose in fresh serum vs in contact w blood? | serum- stable for 8hrs at room temp blood- decreases at a rate of 5% and hr |
| methods for determining glucose conc | OToluidine, Hexokinaase, glucose oxidase, colorimetric strip |
| analytes used to measure complications of diabetes | BUN, creatinine, urinary albumin |
| what does ingestion of ethanol, propanol and salycilate result in? | hypoglycemia |
| hormones that promote increased blood glucose levels | growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon |
| what does epinepherine do? | increase blood glucose levels |
| Cushings syndrome | exhibits increase glucose, hyperglycemia |
| what is seen in malabsorption of the intestine? | low D-xylose levels |
| how does liver release glucose during fasting | it breaks down stored glycogen |
| does glucagon increase hydroxy buterate dehydrogenase? | NO |
| Biochemical hallmarks of diabetes mellitus | -hyperglycemia, hypercholestermia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolality |
| HbA1C (glycohemoglobin) | -used to assess pt glucose level for previous 6-8 wk process |
| what are the affects of physical or emotional stress? | stimulates the secretion of epinepherine which increases blood glucose |
| glucagon | mobilizes stored glucose, increases production of acetone,plays a role in diabetes mellitis, its secretion is stimulated by a decrease in glucose |
| glycogenolysis | glycogen to glucose |
| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from amino acids and glycerol |
| citric acid cycle | acetyl coA oxidation to CO2 |
| glycolysis | glucose oxidation to pyruvate and lactate |
| glucose 6 phosphotase | contained in the cells of the liver which cause the release of glucose into the circulation during fasting |
| csf glucose | centrifuged and seen immediately |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test, fasting 120 mg/dl, 20 pp 220 mg/dl> diabetes mellitus |
| GGTT | Gestational Glucose Tolerance Test Glucose 150 mg/dl @ 1 hr-suspicious of diabestes OGTT should be done |
| glucagon | stimulates insulin release |
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