14128017
Description
Flashcards by Angus Cooper, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Angus Cooper
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What does the autonomic nervous system regulate? | The functioning of the smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells, and some glands around the body. |
| What general structures does the ANS comprise of? | An afferent sensory neuron, an integrating neuron (interneuron), and an efferent motor neuron. All AUTOMATIC, no conscious control. |
| The SOMATIC nervous system is different from the Autonomic nervous system... how? | Somatic nervous system sensations can be consciously perceived, they have 1 neuron that transmits the signal along each pathway (QUICK). Innervation specifically for skeletal muscle reaction (Classic Reflex Arch). ANS sensory input cannot be consciously perceived, they have 2 or more neurons in a series that transmit the signal (SLOWER). First ANS neuron generally inside the CNS. |
| How is the ANS efferent pathway divided? Two parts? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. (Fight or Flight). |
| Most visceral organs have singular innervation. True or False? | False. Most visceral organs have DUAL innervation. One connecting to the sympathetic nervous system and the other connecting to the parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Where are the pre- & post-ganglion neurons located/start? | Pre = starts in the CNS, ends in the Autonomic ganglion. Post = starts in the Autonomic ganglion and ends at the effector (organ or gland). |
| Does the effector response depend on the neurotransmitter received? | No. The response is tissue dependent. The receptor expressed by the tissue is what determines the response. If this receptor is triggered by a particular neurotransmitter, that is what determines the response. |
| What is a autonomic plexus? | They are a tangled network of neurons that generally run along the major arteries around the body. |
| How are the sympathetic ganglia divided? | Paravertebral = run vertically along the vertebral column within the spine. Prevertebral = run anterior to the vertebral column. |
| How are the parasympathetic ganglia divided? | Cranial outflow = comprises mainly of the Vagus nerve, as well as CN IX, VII and III. Sacral outflow = comprises of mainly the pelvic / splanchnic nerve. |
| Name some effector responses to sympathetic nervous system stimulation | Eyes - dilates pupils Mouth - decrease in salivation Lungs - Increased respiratory rate Heart - Increased heart rate Blood vessels - dilation in important organs, constriction in non-essential organs. GIT - slowing of digestion activity Adrenal glands - release of adrenaline/noradrenaline Kidney - retention of water/Na+ Bladder - relaxation of muscles Anus - prevents defection |
| Name some effector responses to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation | Eyes - constriction pupils Mouth - increase in salivation Lungs - decreased respiratory rate Heart - decreased heart rate Blood vessels - dilation in non-essential organs, constriction in essential organs. GIT - increased of digestion activity Kidney - excretion of water/Na+ Bladder - constriction of muscles Anus - stimulation of defection |
| Within the ANS, all pre-ganglion neurons release Acetylcholine. True or False? | True. Acetylcholine is always released PRE ganglion |
| What types of neurotransmitters are released Post-ganglion? | Acetylcholine & Noradrenaline |
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors and how do they differ? | The two types are muscarinic and nicotinic. Nicotinic receptors only cause excitation within the post-gang. cell. Muscarinic receptors cause both excitation and inhibition effects. Muscarinic receptors are found in all parasympathetic effectors. (i.e. inhibition of functioning). |
| Name the major divisions of adrenergic receptors and there response. | Adrenergic receptors are divided by Alpha 1,2 and Beta, 1,2, + 3. Alpha and Beta 1 receptors are excitatory in nature. Alpha and Beta 2 receptors are inhibitory in nature. |
| What main response do each of the Alpha adrenergic receptors do? | Alpha 1 - activation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. Cause increase in total peripheral resistance and thus blood pressure. (EXCITATION) Alpha 2 - located in nerve endings, decrease in transmitter release. (INHIBITION). |
| What main response do each of the Beta adrenergic receptors do? | Beta 1 - found in the heart muscles, and also kidneys. Increase in heart rate, then Cardiac output and thus BP. (EXCITATION) Beta 2 - found in the SM, lungs. leads to dilation of SM. (INHIBITION). Beta 3 - found in adipose tissue. Allows for lipolysis. |
| Where are nicotinic receptors found? | They found in the muscle end plates (somatic - reflex). Pre-ganglion neurons in both the Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Hormone producing cells within the adrenal medulla |
| Where are muscarinic receptors found? | Found on all POST-ganglion cells stimulated by ACH within the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. |
| What are the functions of the three main muscarinic receptors? | M1 - increases neuronal firing (EXCITATION) M2 - cardiac, decreases HR (INHIBITION) M3 - glandular/smooth muscle, leads to sweating ,salivation, broncho-constriction (EXCITATION). |
| Which type of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors? | Adrenergic and Muscarinic receptors. |
| Sympathetic dominance means? | The fight/flight response |
| Parasympathetic dominance means? | The rest and digest phase. |
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