History 1101

Question	Answer
How did Renaissance men feel about the old Greek and Roman writers?	They loved their works, and expound upon what was already being taught by finding and recovering older works of Greek and Roman writers
Who was Francois Rabelais?	A satirist who wrote: "The Horrible and Terrifying Words and Deeds of the Renowned Pantagruel, King of the Dispodes", also known as (Gargantua and Pantagruel).
What big event happened in English history in 1588?	Spanish Armada - Phillip II of Spain - convert England to Catholicism.
Where did the Renaissance begin?	It began in Northern Italy, where city states like Milan, Florence, Venice, Genoa, and Padua were independent and along the trade routes between Northern Europe and the East.
What did the Italians invent?	1. bills of lading 2. limited partnerships (forerunner corporations) 3. double0entry bookkeeping 4. printing 5. glassware 6. silks 7. metallurgy 8. international banking houses
What was the Hanseatic League?	The Northern European equivalent in commerce and sophistication, a string of trading cities alone the Baltic Sea.
Who were the Hanseatic League?	Dutch, German, and Scandinavian merchants who controlled the area's timber, fish, grain, metals and wine.
Where did Modern Diplomacy begin?	Italy.
What did cities do to represent the city, protect its citizens, and keep an eye on its neighbors?	They positioned full time ambassadors.
Who were the Italian nobility?	They were called the Grandi, and were a blend of businessmen and old families, thus constantly pumping fresh, wealthy, blood, into the noble class.
What was Humanism?	The study of Ancient Rome (later Greece also), in Latin and Greek to determine the best way to live.
What did dedicating one's life to scholarship mean?	This meant a contemplative life, and it was considered the ideal life.
hat did scholars try to view history as?	They tried to view it as the actions of individual men and women instead of a series of men performing God's ultimate plan.
What was the dominant theme in art?	It was still religion, because the renaissance men were devout Christians.
What dominates the scene in Raphael's "School of Athens"?	The use of perspective, not the figures in the forefront.
What is a good example of the secularization of art?	Michelangelo's 13' high "David".
Petrarch has been called what?	"Father of Italian Humanism". His study of history, and the corruption of Latin, led him to call the Middle Ages "the Dark Ages".
Who demonstrated what scholarship could do?	Lorenzo Valla
Where were the Papal States, and who ruled them?	They were the middle third of Italy, and the Pope (Lorenzo Valla) ruled them as if they were secularized.
What was Lorenzo Valla's justification?	The Donation of Constantine. Valla declared it a fraud.
Who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man?	Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
What did Pico decide man was?	A wretched, lost sinner. He said men had free will and could wallow like hogs, or rise to the peel of the angels.
Who wrote The Prince?	Niccolo Machiavelli.
What spread the ideas of the Renaissance?	The printing press.
What shifted to the active life (or civic humanism) shortly after 1400?	The contemplative life.
What book did Castilglioni write?	The Courtier.
Who said the Renaissance man should be well rounded?	Castilglioni.
Why did students have to take a wide range of courses?	To be a well-rounded Renaissance man.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?	A painter, engineer, and scientist.
What is da Vinci known for?	"Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper".
Who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?	Julius II. It took Michelangelo 4 years, and it covered the Creation to Noah and the Flood.
Why was mysticism important to humanist scholars in Germany, Holland and England?	It was a way to gain a closer, more pious relationship with God.
Who were the Brothers of the Common Life?	An organization whose members tried to return to the "golden age" of Christianity, while minting family and business lives.
Who were two Northern Humanists?	Erasmus of Rotterdam and Sir Thomas More of England.
Who wrote In Praise of Folly?	Erasmus, and in it he mocked superstitious peasants, ignorant priests, prideful lawyers, and warrior kings.
What was Dialogue of Julius Excluded from Heaven.	Erasmus presented a dialogue between the warrior pope Julius II and St. Peter, who had supposedly stopped the Pope from entering Heaven.
What did Sir Thomas More write?	utopia, about an imaginary island were there were no gambling, hunting, poverty….
Who became Lord Chancellor of England?	Sir Thomas More
What did John Wyclif believe?	He believed that because pilgrimages, popes, and saints were not in the Scriptures, they had no credence.
Who were Lollards?	They were John Wyclif's followers who rolled bible verses off their tongues.
What were the men of the Papacy concerned with?	They were more interested in sponsoring artist than saving souls.
In what book did Barbara Tuchman blame six popes for the Reformation?	The March of Folly
What three things we're in the Papacy?	1. A deafness to dissatisfaction and an unconcern about public opinion 2. a grotesque extravagance and fixation on person gain 3. an assumption of permanence that challenges could be fought off by Inquisition , excommunication, and the stake.
What is the acquisition of church offices?	Simony.
What led to pluralism and eventually absenteeism?	The practice that more than one office could be bought.
What was sold to be allowed to trade with the Moslems, buy stolen property, bury a relative in a special holy ground, or for a nun to have more than one maidservant?	Dispensations.
What expanded along with the increase of indulgence sales?	The church began extensive building and restoration projects.
Who was Martin Luther?	Born in Germany, he entered the university to study law, as his father wished, he later became a monk due to getting struck by lightning.
What did Martin Luther's studies lead him to?	Since a person could never deserve eternal life, he could receive it only through the grace granted to him by his faith, or Justification by Faith.
What were the Ninety-five theses?	They were Martin Luther's issues, written down and posted on a church door on October 31, 1517.
What happened on October 31, 1517?	Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Thesis on the church door.
What was The Address to the nobility of the german Nation?	It was Martin Luther's way of expressing his views of how the only authority was the Bible, not the Pope
What was the convention that the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, called for?	The Diet of Worms, in the city of Worms.
Where di Martin Luther spend a year of hiding>	Wartburg Castle, where he translated Erasmus' Greek transformation of the New Testament into German.
What 6 things did Luther believe?	1. Justification by Faith 2. The Bible was the sole source of authority, and only things practiced in it should continue to be practiced. 3. The faith should be a spiritual democracy, everyone participating. 4. The clergy should be allowed to marry. 5. God had ordained what would happen (bondage of will instead of free will of the church). 6. The bread and wine did not actually turn into Jesus' body and blood, instead they represented them.
What did German's do to signify their freedom from the church?	They started the Peasants Revolt.
What di Jean Calvin discover?	He said that God had already determined who were "the elect and the damned", taking the idea of predestination a step further.
What book explains Jean Calvin's interpretation and idea of church organization?	The Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism>	Max Weber
Who were invited to rule Geneva, Switzerland, and what happened?	Jean Calvin and his followers ruled Geneva, and the set up religious requirements, and some viewed it as a "Moral Reign of Terror".
Who believed in such a separation of church and state that they wouldn't even pay taxes?	Anabaptists.
What started the Inquisition, and what was it?	It was started by the ending of the Reconquista, in order to prevent any false Christians. It burned many religious books, listed in the "Index of Forbidden Books".
What was the Council of Trent?	It was a meeting of the high officials of the church, to discuss reforms that needed to be made.
What were the revealed Truths?	The seven sacraments, the saints, the Pope, transubstantiation, authority of church to weigh good works equal with faith.
What was the most successful new order in the Catholic Reformation?	The Jesuits (Society of jesus).
What did Ignatius Loyola form?	He formed a new organization, set out its principles in Spiritual Exercises, and received the blessing of Pope Paul III.
Who married Catherine of Aragon?	Henry VIII married her promptly after becoming king of England, she was the widow of his older brother, Arthur.
Who did King Henry VIII allow to run his kingdom?	He allowed the ministers, of whom the Lord Chancellor (the highest judge in England) was Cardinal Thomas Wosley.
King Henry wrote what in defense of the Catholics to the ninety-five thesis?	He wrote In Defense of the Seven sacraments. A grateful Pope later named King Henry Defender of the Faith.
Why did King Henry fire Cardinal Wosley?	Wosley would not give King Henry a divorce so that he could marry Anna Boleyn because his current wife did not birth him a son.
Who did King Henry hire in place of Cardinal Wosley?	Sir Thomas More, who wrote Utopia.
Who helped guide the King's case for him becoming the Head of the Church of England?	Thomas Cromwell, a clever lawyer, guided this legislation.
Why did King Henry VIII marry Jane Seymour?	There were rumors that Anne Boleyn had been unfaithful, but it was really because she had birthed hims girl also. He had her beheaded, and married jane Seymour
What act forced everyone to take an oath that the King's actions had been proper?	The Act of Treason.
Who did Jane Seymour give birth to?	She gave birth to Edward VI, and died 12 days later.
How did King Henry come about marrying Anne of Cleaves?	Cromwell sent a painting to him of Anne of Cleaves, the King liked, so he sent her a marriage proposal.
What happened to Anne of Cleves?	King Henry VIII divorced her because she was not a virgin, and she was ugly.
Who was Catherine Howard?	King Henry VIII's fifth wife; a young, pretty, and witty girl who made Herny feel young again.
Why did King Henry order Catherine Howard beheaded?	Because she was a tramp and unfaithful.
Who was King Henry VIII's sixth wife?	Catherin Parr, who was more a nurse than a wife to him.
What are the names of King Henry VIII's first two wives in order,and how they died?	Wife Result Children Catherine of Aragon divorced Mary Anne Boleyn beheaded Elizabeth
Who became King after Henry VIII?	Edward VI became King according to his father's will.
What is the book of common prayer?	It is the directive for worship services for the church of England, written by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Why was Mary queen, and what did she do?	She became queen because her half-brother, Edward VI died. She brought back Roman Catholicism, and was called "Bloody Mary" because she burned the Archbishop of Canterbury at the stake.
Who did Queen Mary marry?	She married Phillip II of Spain, who left England to rule his own lands as soon as he inherited them.
What did Queen Elizabeth do on the throne?	She brought the Elizabethan Settlement to England, which continued Henry's centrist policies, with a religion Catholic in appearance but Protestant in doctrine. She was called the "VIrgin Queen".
Who was a threat to Queen Elizabeth's throne?	Mary Queen of Scots, who married her Scottish cousin, James.
King Phillip II launched what in 1588?	The Spanish Armada, to try and retake England's religious freedom and turn it Catholic.
What were the Protestant countries and Catholic countries?	Protestant Catholic England Spain Holland Portugal Scotland Ireland Germany Poland Sweden France Norway Belgium Denmark Italy Finland Austria

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