13084037
Description
Flashcards by Somto Ibeme, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Somto Ibeme
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What did the early atmosphere contain? | water and gases that came from volcanoes (ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide) |
| How old is the Earth? | roughly 4.5 billion years old |
| What is in the atmosphere today? | nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide, noble gases (argon) and water vapour) |
| How did the oxygen levels start to rise? | cyanobacteria = bacteria that photosynthesise using carbon dioxide and water which were present, produce oxygen |
| What type of radiation does the sun emit that is absorbed by the Earth? | short wave radiation (ultra violet rays from sun) |
| What major gases contribute to the greenhouse effect? | carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides |
| How is methane produced? | food production = cows and paddy fields waste - landfills, rubbish break down to form carbon dioxide and methane |
| What is the type of radiation that warms the surface of the Earth? | long wave radiation (infared radiation, bounces back and forth, trapped by greenhouse gases) |
| How is carbon dioxide produced? | industrialisation (using up resources) larger population - greater demand for transport/electricity (need fossil fuels) deforestation |
| How are rocks like limestone and chalk formed? | shellfishes contain calcium carbonate when they die, they're compressed + produce limestone (store of CO2) (precipitation of the compounds in oceans) |
| How were oceans formed? | water vapour from volcanoes cooling + condensing |
| How was nitrogen formed? | ammonia from volcanoes react with oxygen bacteria in soil act on nitrogen-containing compounds, decomposition, released into atmosphere |
| How are sedimentary rocks formed? | dead organic matter + rock particles buried and compressed over millions of years |
| What is carbon footprint? | measure of amount of carbon dioxide + other greenhouse gases released over life cycle of something |
| How do greenhouse gases help support life on Earth? | regulates Earth's overall temperature, keeps temperature steady |
| How do greenhouse gases help keep the Earth warm? | They trap the waves from the sun and reradiate it backwards and forwards in the form of long wave radiation, cannot escape |
| What does corrosion mean? | chemical reaction between metal and its surroundings, natural process |
| What is galvanising? | a block of more reactive metal is placed next to/on top of the metal that you don't want to corrode so moisture + oxygen react with the block instead |
| Advantages of galvanising: | cheaper, long lasting |
| The most common ores are metals bonded to ... | oxygen (copper oxide) |
| What is bioleaching? | bacteria absorbing metal compounds, break bonds, energy efficient |
| What is phytomining? | plant takes up quantities of copper and stores it, harvested and burned - ash contains copper compounds need to use electrolysis produces CO2 |
| What is a natural resource? | a resource that forms without human input (rubber,wood) |
| What is sustainable development? | approach to development that takes account of needs of present society without damaging lives of future generations |
| What is potable water? | water that is safe to drink, is not completely pure, still has dissolved substances |
| What are the effects of carbon monoxide? | binds to haemoglobin more readily than oxygen, stops transport of oxygen, poisioning |
| What are the effects of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides? | dissolve in rain water + make acid rain, kills plants, acidify lakes, damage to aquatic life |
| What are the effects of soot particulates? | global dimming, if inhaled stick to lungs + cause breathing problems |
| What are four potential effects of global warming? | sea levels rising,melting of ice caps, coastal erosion, loss of habitats for animals in low lying areas |
| What are sterilising agents used for purifying water? | chlorine,ultra violet light, ozone |
| What is desalination? | removal of salts and minerals from a target substance |
| Describe the process of desalination by distillation: | seawater is boiled, the water vapour is cooled + condensed to form pure water - leaving the salt behind |
| Describe the process of desalination by sedimentation: | screening (take out solids (plastic bags)) sedimentation (water put in settlement tank, dense solids sink to bottom, called sludge) leftover called effluent aerobic digestion (air pumped through encourage bacteria to break down organic matter) treated, doesn't contaminate fresh water |
| How to reduce use of resources? | reduce (reduces energy used to produce item), reuse (no processing required) and recycling (uses less energy than what is required to extract resources to produce) |
| What are composites made up of? | a binder, binding together fibres/ fragments of other material, which is called the reinforcement (concrete = matrix, gravel = reinforcement) |
| What are ceramics? | non metallic solids, high melting points, not made from carbon based compounds (glass) |
| Potable water in UK: | rainwater collected in lakes/rivers, filtered (remove solid) + sterilised (kill harmful bacteria) |
| What happens to waste product (sludge) after sedimentation? | broken down by bacteria (anaerobic digestion) produce methane gas - use for fuel |
| What happens to waste water after sedimentation? | treated + put back into sea/oceans, can put back in to drinking water system, cheaper |
| LD poly(ethene): | heating ethene at 200C, high pressure - bags + bottles |
| HD poly(ethene) | low temp + pressure w/ catalyst - water tanks + drain pipes |
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