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| Question | Answer |
| What circulating components of blood are able to induce inflammation? | C3a C5a Histamine Bradykinin Serotonin |
| Where do NSAIDS target? | COX-1 and COX-2. COX-2 are inducible inflammatory enzymes. |
| How do glucocorticoids work? | 1. Steroid receptors are found in the cytoplasm complexed with a heat-shock protein Hsp90 2. Steroids cross the cell membrane and bind to the steroid receptor complex, releasing Hsp90 3. The steroid-receptor complex can now cross the nuclear membrane. 4. In the nucleus the steroid receptor binds to specific gene regulatory sequences and activates transcription. |
| Following prolonged systemic use of glucocorticoids, what side effects can manifest? | - Suppression of response to infection. - Suppression of endogenous glucocorticoid synthesis. - Metabolic actions (affecting carbohydrate and protein metabolism) - Iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome - Osteoporosis |
| Give examples of clinical presentations resulting from immunosuppression. | - Tissue Rejection - Psoriasis - Rheumatoid Arthiritis |
| Give examples of some immunosuppressive drugs. | - Cyclosporine A - Tacrolimus - Rapamycin |
| Describe the mechanism of action of Rapamycin (Sirolimus) | rolimus inhibits IL-2 and other cytokines receptor-dependent signal transduction mechanisms, via action on mTOR, and thereby blocks activation of T and B cells. Ciclosporin and tacrolimus inhibit the secretion of IL-2, by inhibiting calcineurin. The mode of action of sirolimus is to bind the cytosolic protein FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) in a manner similar to tacrolimus. Unlike the tacrolimus-FKBP12 complex, which inhibits calcineurin (PP2B), the sirolimus-FKBP12 complex inhibits the mTOR (mammalian Target Of Rapamycin, rapamycin being another name for sirolimus) pathway by directly binding to mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1). |
| Explain the mechanism of action of Basiliximab. | Basiliximab competes with IL-2 to bind to the alpha chain subunit of the IL2 receptor on the surface of the activated T lymphocytes and thus prevents the receptor from signaling. This prevents T cells from replicating and also from activating B cells, which are responsible for the production of antibodies, which would bind to the transplanted organ and stimulate an immune response against the transplant.[3][4] |
| What are the signs and treatment options for people with Eczema? | - Itchy, dry red and cracked skin. - Barrier dysfunction - protein called filaggrin. Treatment: - reducing scratching - Emollients (moisturising) - Topical corticosteroids |
| Define and Describe Anaphylaxis | It is a systemic reaction to an allergen via any exposure route. Rapid synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotriene. - Systemic vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. - Fluid enters extravascular space. - Fall in blood pressure - Severe bronchiole constriction, oedema and shock. - Similar to systemic inflammation - Anaphylaxis should always be treated as a medical emergency. |
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