Discourse Analysis - Speech Acts

Question	Answer
Definition of SPEECH ACT	A SPEECH ACT is an utterance that has PERFORMATIVE function in language and communication
PERFORMATIV function of speech	Use speech/communication not simply to communicate but rather to act or consummate an action. "You are (hereby) authorized to pay..." "hereby" as a test of performative function
Describe LOCUTIONARY ACT.	Saying something with a certain meaning in traditional sense
Describe ILLOCUTIONARY ACT.	The PERFORMANCE of an act in saying something (vs. the general act in saying something) i.e. warning, command, ordering...
Explain PERLOCUTIONARY ACT.	Speech acts that have an effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either the hearer or the speaker. "they seek to change minds!"
Searle's classification of speech acts	1. Assertives 2. Directives 3. Commissives 4. Expressives 5. Declarations
Searle's classification: ASSERTIVES	Commit the speaker to something being the case. Different kinds are: suggesting, putting forward, swearing, concluding. Example: "No one makes a better cake than me."
Searle's classification: DIRECTIVES	Try to make the addressee perform an action. Different kinds are: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising. Example: "Could you close the window?"
Searle's classification: COMMISSIVES	Commit the speaker to doing something in the future. Different kinds are: promising, planing, vowing, betting. Example: "I'm going to Paris tomorrow."
Searle's classification: EXPRESSIVES	Express how the speaker feels about the situation. Different kinds are: thanking, apologizing, welcoming. Example: "I am sorry, that I lied to you."
Searle's classification: DECLARATIONS	Change the state of the world in an immediate way. Example: "You are fired, I swear, I beg you."
Explain INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS	If an indirect request is performed. Example: "Could you close the window?" --> Question, but with a request to close the window. "I am cold." more indirect but needs more understanding of addressee
Searle's PRIMARY and SECONDARY illocutionary acts	PRIMARY is the indirect one which is not literally performed. SECONDARY is the direct one Speaker A: "We need to leave, or we will not make it." Speaker B: "I'm not ready yet" (PRIMARY = rejection of A; SECONDARY = "not ready to leave")
Searle's process analyzing steps 1/2	1. Understanding the facts of conversation 2. Assume cooperation and relevance from participants 3. Establish factual background information 4. Make assumptions base on 1.-3. 5. if 1.-4. have no consequential meaning, infer, that there are two illocu. forces
Searle's process analyzing steps 2/2	6. Assume the hearer has the ability to perform the act, the speaker suggest 7. make inference from 1.-6. regarding possible primary illocution 8. Use background information to establish the primary illocution
Definition of INDIRECT speech acts?	Culpeper/Archer: DIRECTNESS is the varying degree to which the illocutionary point is made explicit by the utterance.
INDIRECT DIRECTIVES classes?	- Speaker-based declaratives - Hearer-based interrogatives - Hearer-based declaratives - Hearer-based conditionals
SPEAKER-BASED declaratives	Directives formed by declarative sentences, that express speaker volition. I wish, I desire, I want
HEARER-BASED interrogatives	Manifestations that question the volition/ability of the hearer or the fact that the hearer will perform the requested act. Can you, could you, will you
HEARER-BASED declaratives	Formed by declaratives expressing the need, advantage, benefit, or possibility of the hearer performing the required act. you had better, you might consider, perhaps you
HEARER-BASED conditionals	Indirect directives expressed by conditionals that refer to the willingness or reluctance of the hearer performing the requested act if you will, if you would, if you don't mind

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Discourse Analysis - Speech Acts

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	Created by Michael Tewes about 8 years ago