Higher Human Biology - Questions to revise for exam

Proteins can be broken down into

What is an allele?

Secondary tumors form because

Which is not a research value of stem cells

A mutation in which type of cell can be passed on to offspring

What type of enzyme digests dietary fats?

Germline cells only undergo meiosis

Name the process that makes lactic acid in an athlete's muscles.

Which statement is not true about enzymes

Which type of enzyme digests protein?

Transcription requires a __________ before the Polymerase can function

During splicing the non-coding regions are removed from the primary transcript. These regions are called

Why is more lactic acid made in the muscles when running at 14 km per hour than when running at 8 km per hour?

What is meant by a recessive allele?

If a genetic disorder is recessive and sex linked. Then an affected father and a carrier mother

A mRNA triplet of bases is complementary and binds to

Which gene mutation doesn't result in frameshift

Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates?

During IVF treatment, each fertilised egg cell forms an embryo by cell division. What is this type of cell division?

Genetic material is made up of large molecules of a chemical substance. What is this chemical substance?

Which is not a type of chromosomal mutation

In aerobic respiration what molecule removes Hydrogen ions and their associated high energy electrons from only the Kreb cycle

What can be done to overcome the action of a competitive inhibitor?

Tick each box which is true.

Gene regulation of metabolic pathways occurs when a [blank_start]regulator[blank_end] gene codes for a repressor molecule which binds to the operator gene causing the structural gene to be switched off and its DNA is not transcribed. In the presence of an inducer molecule the structural gene is switched on as the inducer binds with the repressor molecule making it unable to bind with the operator gene. When the inducer is broken down, the repressor molecule is no longer blocked from combining with the operator gene and the structural gene is switched back off.

Gene regulation of metabolic pathways occurs when a regulator gene codes for a repressor molecule which binds to the [blank_start]operator[blank_end] gene causing the [blank_start]structural[blank_end] gene to be switched [blank_start]off[blank_end] and its DNA is not transcribed. In the presence of an inducer molecule the structural gene is switched [blank_start]on[blank_end] as the inducer binds with the [blank_start]repressor[blank_end] molecule making it unable to bind with the operator gene. When the inducer is broken down, the repressor molecule is no longer blocked from combining with the [blank_start]operator[blank_end] gene and the structural gene is switched back off.

One gene can only express one protein

When there are high levels of ATP or [blank_start]Citrate[blank_end], then these molecules cause feedback inhibition and slow down glycolysis by inhibiting the enzyme [blank_start]phosphofructokinase[blank_end]

After glycolysis the [blank_start]pyruvate[blank_end] molecule is converted into Acetyl coenzyme A. This then combines with [blank_start]oxaloacetate[blank_end] to form citrate. This citrate is eventually broken back down into [blank_start]oxaloacetate[blank_end] in a cycle which sees the enzyme [blank_start]dehydrogenase[blank_end] removing [blank_start]Hydrogen[blank_end] ions and high energy [blank_start]electrons[blank_end] and passing them to the coenzyme NAD to form [blank_start]NADH[blank_end] and FAD to form [blank_start]FADH2[blank_end].

The [blank_start]prostate[blank_end] gland secretes a liquid containing [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] which maintain the fluid medium at optimum [blank_start]viscosity[blank_end] for sperm mobility. The [blank_start]seminal[blank_end] vesicle secretes a liquid rich in [blank_start]fructose[blank_end] to provide energy to the sperm. This liquid also contains [blank_start]prostaglandins[blank_end] which cause the female reproductive tract to [blank_start]contract[blank_end] which helps the sperm reach the [blank_start]oviduct[blank_end].

In males the hypothalamus secretes a releaser hormone which stimulates the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] gland to release FSH and [blank_start]ICSH[blank_end]. FSH travels in the blood to the [blank_start]seminiferous[blank_end] tubules where it stimulates sperm production. [blank_start]ICSH[blank_end] travels in the bloodstream to the [blank_start]interstitial[blank_end] cells where is stimulates the release of [blank_start]testosterone[blank_end]. This hormone further [blank_start]stimulates[blank_end] sperm production in seminiferous tubules and at [blank_start]high[blank_end] concentration levels [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] the pituitary gland.

In females, the pituitary gland releases [blank_start]FSH[blank_end] which stimulates the [blank_start]maturation[blank_end] of a follicle. This [blank_start]graafian[blank_end] follicle releases [blank_start]oestrogen[blank_end] which stimulates [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end] of uterus endometrium. Increased levels of [blank_start]oestrogen[blank_end] also stimulates the pituitary to release [blank_start]LH[blank_end] which causes [blank_start]ovulation[blank_end] and stimulates the follicle to develop into the corpus [blank_start]luteum[blank_end]. This continues to release oestrogen but now also releases [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] which promotes further development and [blank_start]vascularisation[blank_end] of endometrium. High levels of progesterone [blank_start]inhibit[blank_end] the pituitary gland, until the corpus luteum [blank_start]degenerates[blank_end] causing a rapid drop in the ovarian hormones. As the pituitary gland is no longer inhibited the cycle can begin again with the release of [blank_start]FSH[blank_end].

The body has many different types of lymphocytes. Each lymphocyte has an antigen [blank_start]receptor[blank_end] specific to one [blank_start]antigen[blank_end]. When a lymphocyte to stimulated by this [blank_start]specific[blank_end] antigen binding to its antigen receptor it is said to have been [blank_start]selected[blank_end]. It responds by [blank_start]dividing[blank_end] repeatedly to form a clonal [blank_start]population[blank_end] of identical lymphocytes. This process is called clonal [blank_start]selection[blank_end].

[blank_start]Mast[blank_end] cells in the connective tissues release [blank_start]histamine[blank_end] when they are damaged. This chemical causes the blood vessels to [blank_start]dilate[blank_end] increasing blood flow and to become more [blank_start]permeable[blank_end]. This allows phagocytes, attracted by [blank_start]cytokines[blank_end], to arrive quickly at point of injury. It also allows speed delivery of [blank_start]antimicrobial[blank_end] proteins to amplify the [blank_start]immune[blank_end] response, and blood [blank_start]clotting[blank_end] elements to stimulate coagulation.

[blank_start]Apoptosis[blank_end] is also known as programmed cell death. This process is initiated by cells such as [blank_start]Natural[blank_end] Killer Cells and [blank_start]Cytotoxic[blank_end] T-lymphocytes. The cell releases a [blank_start]protein[blank_end] which forms a [blank_start]pore[blank_end] in the membrane of an infected cell. A [blank_start]signal[blank_end] molecule is then sent through this pore, and it triggers a genetically controlled series of events which leads to cell death. By turning on [blank_start]suicide[blank_end] genes, suicide [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] are made. These breakdown vital cell [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] and the cells [blank_start]DNA[blank_end].

Agonist drugs

Antagonist drugs

Dopamine stimulates the [blank_start]reward[blank_end] pathway leading to a feeling of [blank_start]pleasure[blank_end].

Endorphins are released in response to physical or emotional [blank_start]stress[blank_end] or severe [blank_start]injury[blank_end]. They act as natural [blank_start]painkillers[blank_end] by combining with [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] as synapses and [blank_start]blocking[blank_end] the neurotransmitters responsible for transmission of pain signal.

Which neural pathway allows an impulse to be recycled and stimulate the pre-synaptic neurons (ie for contraction of muscles for breathing)

Neurons in the brain can undergo [blank_start]physical[blank_end] changes. In response to brain [blank_start]damage[blank_end], the [blank_start]learning[blank_end] of new skills and during the [blank_start]early[blank_end] development of the brain this ability to alter pathways is called [blank_start]plasticity[blank_end] of [blank_start]response[blank_end]. When this involves development of new pathways after a stroke is is called [blank_start]major[blank_end] plasticity. This is different from [blank_start]minor[blank_end] plasticity which is the ability of the brain to [blank_start]suppress[blank_end] reflexes or ignore sensory impulses such as [blank_start]distractions[blank_end].