Defence against disease

What are types of micro organism?

[blank_start]virus[blank_end] will enter an ordinary [blank_start]cell[blank_end] and effect the cell by getting inside. it will then [blank_start]reproduce[blank_end] so much till the cell will completely [blank_start]break[blank_end] open and then be [blank_start]permanently[blank_end] be broken.

[blank_start]Pathogens[blank_end] come from bacteria They produce [blank_start]toxins[blank_end] It can cause [blank_start]disease[blank_end] & if it enters the body it will cause [blank_start]symptoms[blank_end] Pathogens have [blank_start]antigens[blank_end] on the sides

Do white blood cells help to defend the body against disease?

White blood cells can produce [blank_start]antitoxins[blank_end]. The antitoxins will [blank_start]neutralise[blank_end] the toxins.

Do antibodies attach to the antigens and stop destroying the bacteria

To ingest pathogens the bacterium will invade the body. Then the [blank_start]white[blank_end] blood cell will recognise this and go [blank_start]towards[blank_end] it. Thirdly, the white blood cells will [blank_start]engulf[blank_end] it. After the white blood cell has fully has the pathogen it will release the [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] which break down and digest the pathogen. Finally it will slowly be broken down and [blank_start]destroyed[blank_end].

We protect the body from future disease by taking vaccinations

Contains dead [blank_start]pathogens[blank_end] on the surface of the body. however it still has [blank_start]antigens[blank_end] on the surface. so when injected the [blank_start]white[blank_end] blood cells would need to produce antibodies to attack it. Therefore, if in the future a pathogen was to enter the body, it could quickly produce the [blank_start]antibodies[blank_end] for it.

What does MMR stand for

Scientist thought MMR vaccines linked to [blank_start]autism[blank_end]s. This is a condition that affects people [blank_start]communication[blank_end] and [blank_start]social[blank_end] interaction skills.

Ignaz semmelweis owned a [blank_start]hospital[blank_end] and he observed that when a midwife helped deliver the baby there was a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] risk of [blank_start]childbed[blank_end] fever than when a [blank_start]medical[blank_end] student did. He decided to make medical students wash their [blank_start]hands[blank_end] after treating the [blank_start]dead[blank_end] patients, after doing this he noticed that the amount of deaths had [blank_start]reduced[blank_end]. Now, we know the medical students had been carrying [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end] from dead babies to the mothers. The results showed that washing hands [blank_start]helped[blank_end].

Types of medicines are

[blank_start]Painkillers[blank_end] relieve [blank_start]symptoms[blank_end] for a few days but still leave [blank_start]pathogens[blank_end] in your body for a few days,

If you take too many antibiotics the [blank_start]pathogens[blank_end] will have to much [blank_start]exposure[blank_end] to them. Meaning it will have no effect on the bacteria in the end. This is because the pathogen has become [blank_start]antibiotic resistant.[blank_end]

Antibiotic resistance is caused by [blank_start]mutation[blank_end]. This is a [blank_start]random[blank_end], spontaneous change in the [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] (effects the genes)

The equipment needed to culture micro organisms are:

To culture microorganisms we 1. sterilise the [blank_start]agar[blank_end] and petri-dish to prevent [blank_start]contamination[blank_end] 2.Put [blank_start]innoculation loop[blank_end] into bunsen burner (this will get rid of [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end] on in) and leave to cool for a while 3. Using [blank_start]loop[blank_end], place some of the [blank_start]bacteria[blank_end] into the [blank_start]agar[blank_end] 4. Quickly close the petri-dish and [blank_start]seal[blank_end] it with [blank_start]tape[blank_end]. This is to avoid anything getting in and infecting it 5. [blank_start]Incubate[blank_end] at 25°c ([blank_start]school[blank_end] lab)

Once grown a set of [blank_start]microbes[blank_end], we want to know if the [blank_start]disinfectant[blank_end] would kill the bacteria. We do this by getting [blank_start]filter[blank_end] paper and dipping it into the disinfectant, then putting on to the [blank_start]agar[blank_end]. We repeat this for all the disinfectants. After, we need to close and seal the petri-dish! we would know if the disinfectant works as if there is a [blank_start]clear[blank_end] area around it, the bacteria would've been [blank_start]killed[blank_end].