Pulmonary Pathology :)

A woman in her mid-30s all of sudden begins to feel dizzy and is panting. She has angina and a paresthesia in her fingers.These symptoms worsen until she feels like she is going to die. The total episode lasts for about 10 minutes before resolving completely. 

A 20-year-old woman overdosed on paracetamol tablets 9 hours ago. Which is the single most appropriate emergency treatment?

A young woman has panic attacks when she has to attend formal meetings at work. Even socially, she feels anxious when meeting friends.

The aorta [blank_start]passes[blank_end] [blank_start]through[blank_end] the diaphragm at level T[blank_start]12[blank_end].

The [blank_start]phrenic[blank_end] nerves ( C[blank_start]3[blank_end] C[blank_start]4[blank_end] and C[blank_start]5[blank_end]) supply the diaphragm.

The sternal angle is at T4/ T5.

The right lung has the oblique and horizontal fissures.

The left lung only contains the oblique fissure.

Oblique fissure starts posteriorly at T4. It goes from the 4th intercostal space till the 6th costal cartilage.

Horizontal fissure follows along the 6th rib

Three major alveolar cell types in the alveolar wall: Type I pneumocytes (Pc I) Type II pneumocytes (Pc II) Dust cells Which is the correct pairing of functions?

The cells found in the alveolar wall are type [blank_start]I[blank_end] pneumocytes. AKA [blank_start]squamous[blank_end] alveolar cells. Type [blank_start]II[blank_end] pneumocytes secrete pulmonary surfactant to prevent the alveoli from collapsing. AKA [blank_start]great[blank_end] alveolar cells. [blank_start]Macrophages[blank_end] are also called dust cells.

Label the parts. (no numbers-- spell everything fully out)

Label parts of the larynx. No numbers/ everything needs to be fully written out.

Parts of the Larynx. No numbers.

The [blank_start]cricothyroid[blank_end] muscle contracts to rotate the [blank_start]thyroid[blank_end] cartilage forward. Doing so increases the [blank_start]tension[blank_end] on the vocal cords and increases the [blank_start]pitch[blank_end].

[blank_start]Thyroarytenoid[blank_end] muscle relax and [blank_start]shortens[blank_end] the vocal cords, [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] tension on the vocal cords and [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] the pitch.

[blank_start]Lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]cricoarytenoid[blank_end] muscle [blank_start]adducts[blank_end] the vocal cords and [blank_start]protects[blank_end] the airway.

[blank_start]Posterior[blank_end] [blank_start]cricoarytenoid[blank_end] muscle [blank_start]abducts[blank_end] the vocal cords and helps [blank_start]breathing[blank_end] movements of inspiration and expiration.

The cricothyroid muscle increases pitch and is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve.

The thyroarytenoid decreases the pitch and is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve.

The posterior cricoarytenoid adducts the vocal cords and is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle adducts the vocal cords and is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

A 65 years old man who was previously diagnosed with lung cancer presents to the ED. He complains that he can’t sweat on the left side of his face. Using his presentation and the image shown below, what is the most likely diagnosis?

What is true regarding Pancoasts tumors?

Labels parts of the spirometry test.

Different Lung Function Tests: (Vitalograph has abbreviations)

What is the max amount of gas that can be forcefully exhaled and as quickly as possible after a maximal inhalation?

This is the volume expired in the first second. It is Affected by how narrowed the airways are.

Which of these is true regarding obstructive diseases?

What conditions are these flow charts descriptive of?

What are these vitalographs reflective of?

A 32-year-old woman comes to the ED with a previous month long history of malaise, mild cough, and subjective fevers. She is HIV positive and her last CD4 count taken 6 months prior was 220. She's not on antiretroviral therapy or other medications. Vital signs: HR= 88 beats per minute, BP=130/60 mm Hg, RR = 12 breaths per minute, oxygen sat= 91% on room air. Her chest radiograph shows diffuse, patchy infiltrates bilaterally. Subsequent labs are unremarkable except for an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level. What most likely causing her condition?

An early middle aged married executive CEO with 2 children complains to her GP complaining of increased tiredness and a lack of interest in her work. She has also been having an upset bowel. Believing she has burnout, what is the best initial management for this patient ?

Which of these is the presentation of an experience of some type of exhaustion due to prolonged and demanding involvement in situations/something?

In the early phase of allergen exposure, what is released by mast cells?

What is released by eosinophils in late allergy phase?

IL-5 is for early phase allergen exposure.

An 18-year-old tall, thin male arrives at ED with acute onset of respiratory distress while sitting at his desk. He had a sharp pain on the right side of his chest that got worse with breathing in. He is otherwise healthy, doesn't do any recreational drugs, and hasn't traveled anywhere recently. Vital Signs: HR of 100 beats per minute, BP 120/60 mm Hg, a RR of 14 breaths per minute, oxygen sats of 97% on room air. During auscultations, you note decreased breath sounds on the right side. Which of the following tests is to be performed next?

A 20 year old man complains to the GP of a runny congested nose for the past 3 months with frequent sneezing. Hiis symptoms are worse in the morning and he has no pets. He also has from asthma and eczema. The diagnosis is Perennial rhinitis and you prescribe cetirizine. What is the most likely cause of his condition?

How to Manage Asthma: 1. [blank_start]Short[blank_end] acting bronchodilator 2. Add [blank_start]inhaled[blank_end] cortico[blank_start]steroids[blank_end] 3. Replace [blank_start]short[blank_end] acting for [blank_start]long[blank_end] acting bronchodilator 4. [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] inhaled steroids dose 5. [blank_start]Oral[blank_end] steroids

[blank_start]Pollen[blank_end] is the most common cause of [blank_start]seasonal[blank_end] allergic rhinitis.

[blank_start]Dust[blank_end] [blank_start]mites[blank_end] are the most common cause of [blank_start]perennial[blank_end] allergic rhinitis

Nick is a 46-year-old builder who has noticed breathlessness which is worse on exertion for roughly the past year. No inhaler seems to be helping. TLC Raised RV Raised PaO2 Reduced PaCO2 Raised (serious) Transfer factor (TLCO/ DLCO): Reduced Based on his lung function tests shown below, what is the underlying condition?

Alan is a 50-year-old farmer who has been getting breathless over the last 3 years. At first, the shortness of breath came in episodes lasting a few hours but over the last two years, the problems have been continuous. Reduced FEV1 Reduced FVC Increased forced expiratory ratio Reduced total lung capacity Based on his lung function tests shown below, what is the underlying condition?

The [blank_start]internal[blank_end] branch of the [blank_start]superior[blank_end] [blank_start]laryngeal[blank_end] nerve supplies sensation to the larynx and responsible for cough reflex.

The [blank_start]external[blank_end] branch of the [blank_start]superior[blank_end] [blank_start]laryngeal[blank_end] nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle which controls the [blank_start]pitch[blank_end] of speech.

The [blank_start]left[blank_end] recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the [blank_start]aortic[blank_end] [blank_start]arch[blank_end]. The [blank_start]right[blank_end] recurrent laryngeal loops under the [blank_start]right[blank_end] [blank_start]subclavian[blank_end] [blank_start]artery[blank_end] before traveling upwards

The [blank_start]recurrent[blank_end] [blank_start]laryngeal[blank_end] nerve supplies these laryngeal muscles: [blank_start]Thyroarytenoid[blank_end] [blank_start]Lateral[blank_end] and [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] cricoarytenoid muscles

What is true regarding of restrictive respiratory diseases?

Stridor and wheeze are both characteristic of obstructive diseases.

What is true regarding pneumonia?

How to manage pneumonia? [blank_start]supportive[blank_end] [blank_start]antibiotics[blank_end] started immediately ex: [blank_start]amoxicillin[blank_end] or tetracycline

What types of pneumonic x rays are these

Fill in the parts.

The spirometry test history must include post bronchodilator measurements and the degree of reversibility.

[blank_start]Streptococcus Pneumonia[blank_end] and Haemophilus Influenza are th most common causes of community-acquired Pneumonia. Staph. Aureus is the most common cause of hospital-acquired Pneumonia. Chlamydophila psittaei is the most common cause of pneumonia in bird owners. Klebisella Pneumonia is the most common cause of pneumonia in alcoholics Legionella Pneumonia is the most common cause of pneumonia in those who use air-conditioning. Pneumocystis jiroveci is the most common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.

[blank_start]Streptococcus Pneumonia[blank_end] and [blank_start]Haemophilus Influenza[blank_end] are th most common causes of community-acquired Pneumonia. [blank_start]Staph. Aureus[blank_end] is the most common cause of hospital-acquired Pneumonia. [blank_start]Chlamydophila psittaei[blank_end] is the most common cause of pneumonia in bird owners. [blank_start]Klebisella Pneumoni[blank_end]a is the most common cause of pneumonia in alcoholics [blank_start]Legionella Pneumonia[blank_end] is the most common cause of pneumonia in those who use air-conditioning. [blank_start]Pneumocystis jiroveci[blank_end] is the most common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.

TLCO can be reduced by:

TLCO can be increased by:

How might pneumothorax present?

Inserting a needle into the 3rd-5th intercostal space is within the safe triangle

[blank_start]Primary[blank_end] spontaneous pneumothorax occurs randomly in healthy individuals, especially [blank_start]tall[blank_end] and skinny guys. [blank_start]Secondary[blank_end] spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in individuals with an underlying [blank_start]lung[blank_end] problem, usually it's [blank_start]COPD[blank_end]. [blank_start]Tension[blank_end] Pneumothorax is caused by [blank_start]trauma[blank_end] and is a medical emergency. It's the worst one with most obvious tracheal deviation.