Phonetics & phonology

Phonetics           &       Phonologyprod. of speech sounds  |    patterns of sounds

Special relations between spelling and pronunciation

Homography:'record (N) - re'cord (V)'conduct (N) - con'duct (V)Homophony:write - right - ritebrake - breakhear - here sea - see know - no

Orthography vs. phonology/phonetics:spelling system: -----> orthography   sound system: -------> phonetic transcription  /.../ or [...]

Important Terminology:PHONEME: smallest phonological unit that distinguishes meaningMINIMAL PAIR: pit - bit, thy - thigh, COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION: regular occurence of two or several linguistic elements; one element cannot occur where another one occurse.g. clear L vs. dark LALLOPHONE: complementary distributed variant of a phonemeFREE VARIANT: not complementary distributed; independant of position, e.g. depend on regional or individual accenteither - eithertomato, tomato

speaker's brain:                                                            = phonologyspeaker's mouth:                                                         = articulatory phoneticstransmission of sound through air:                      = acoustic phoneticslistener's ear:                                                                 = auditory phoneticslistener's brain:                                                             = phonology

Cardinal Vowels Reference vowels established by phoneticians to describe sounds of a language Current system was completed by Daniel Jones (early 20th century) 8 primary cardinal vowels: + secondary vowels -> umlautsvowel: airstreamconsonant: airstream is blocked

Consonants: Manner of articulation: Plosives (Explosion) [p, b, t, d, k, g] Fricatives (Reibung) [f, v, s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ, h] Affricatives [tʃ, dʒ]  Nasals [m, n, ŋ] Approximants:- Liquids [l, r]- Glides (semi-vowels) [w, j]

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