Language Acquisition AO1

Holophrastic - 1 word utterances; 12-18 monthsTwo-words - 2 word combinations; 18-24 monthsTelegraphic - 3 or more words combined; 24-36 monthsPose-telegraphic - Grammatically more complex; 36+ months

Stages of phonological developmentVegetative - Sounds of discomfort (crying, coughing, burping) 0-4 monthsCooing - Comfort sounds and vocal play (grunts and sighs become vowel-like 'coo', laughter, hard consonants, pitch) 4-7 monthsBabbling - Extended sounds, syllable-like, repeated patterns (reduplication and non-reduplication 'age', sounds linking to own language) 6-12 monthsProto-words - Word-like vocalisations ('mama' for 'mummy') 9-12 months

Phonology: 'cooing' and 'babbling' mark beginnings of prosodic features, pitch and tone show paragmatic developmentPhonemic expansion - During babbling phase, there's and increase in sounds producedPhonemic contraction - At 9-10 months reduction begins to occur to only sounds that are needed

Morphological advances: Inflectional morphology - alteration of words to make new grammatical forms Derivational morphology - creation of new words by adding prefixes and suffixes MLU - measure of ability to produce stretches of language

Early on, questions are only present by intonation; yes/no interrogatives involve changing word order and using auxiliary verbs and thus, occur later:Auxiliary/Copula verbs in this oreder; What, Where, Why, When

Stages of morpheme acquisition: Present tense progressive, -ing Past tense regular, -edPrepositions, 'in, on'3rd Person regular, 'runs' Plural, -s3rd person irregular, 'has' Past tense irregular, 'run/ran'Uncontractible auxiliary verb, 'they were running' Possessive, 'sContractible copula Uncontractible copula, 'is, was'Contractible auxiliary, 'she's running' Articles, 'the, a'

Deletion - omitting final consonants Substitution - 1 sound for another Addition - Extra vowel sound ('doggie') Assimilation - Changing consonants ('gog' for 'dog') Reduplication - Repeating whole syllable ('dada') Consonant cluster reduction - Reducing consonant clusters ('pider' for 'spider') Deletion of unstressed syllables - omitting opening syllable ('nana' for 'banana') Vocative - a form to address a person Content word - a word to which an independent 'dictionary' meaning can be assigned Function word - a word with the role to express a grammatical relationship Positive reinforcement - when a behaviour is rewarded to encourage repetition Negative reinforcement - bad behaviour unrewarded to discourage repetition

Features of Child Direct Speech (CDS): Repetition Child's name rather than pronouns Present tense One-word utterances  Fewer verbs/modifiers Expansion/recast (extending/developing child's utterance) Yes/no questioning

Types of over-extension: Categorical - name for one member of a category is extended to all members ('apple' for all round fruit')Analogical - one object extended into a different category, usually on the basis that it has some physical of functional connection ('ball' is used for a round fruit)Mismatch statements - one-word sentences that appear quite abstract; child makes a statement about one object in relation to another (saying 'duck' when looking at an empty pond)

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