Mammals As Consumers

Enzymes And Enzyme Activity (Also Bile) Where you may find them Optimum Temperatures and pH levels How and what they digest Type of enzyme

MAMMALS AS CONSUMERSGeneral Overview

EXTRA Things To Remember-The Lymph System-Lungs, Gas Exchange & Breathing- The Circulatory System ~ ARTERIES, BLOOD, HEART-Physical and Chemical Digestion Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion

Comparing Digestive SystemsHerbivores vs. Carnivores     -Fore gut and Hind gut               digestionThe digestive system and parts-Teeth and jaw types

Respiration-Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration-Equations for respiration

What is a Mammal?

Kingdom Animalia - Eat other living organisms for food (e.g plants &/or animals)Phylum Cordata - Have a   backboneClass Mammalia - Have fur/hair, give birth to live young & have mammary glands to produce milk

The Three Groups of Mammals Monotremes-Lay eggs, the Echidna and the Platypus are the only two examples of this MarsupialsPouched animals, kangaroo, opossum and koala are examples where the young are born very immature and develop in the pouch Placental MammalsMammals that have a placenta which attaches to the young in the uterus via the umbilical chord. Humans and elephants are examples of this. The placenta provides nutrients and removes waste products

NUTRITION - The Big Picture-Mammals are multi-cellular (made up of many cells)-Each cell is living and requires all life processes (MRS GREN)-Cells are very small so nutrients supplied to them must be small and soluble to pass through the cell membrane-Digestion is the process of breaking up food into tiny soluble particles so all the cells are supplied with the nutrients they need to carry out all life functions 

Mammals eat food as a source of:-ENERGY for all the chemical reactions that take place in the cell-GROWTH making more cells by cell division named mitosis-REPAIR replacing worn and damaged cells e.g new skin cells and red blood cells

Components of a Healthy Diet

Carbohydrates- Monosaccharide (single sugar/glucose)-Disaccharide (double)-Polysaccharide (sugars, starch/cellulose/glycogen)FUNCTIONS:Source of ENERGY, needed to carry out the life processes of MRS GRENBUILDING BLOCK: Glucose Fructose Maltose Lactose EXAMPLES OF FOOD:Cereal, Rice, Bread, Pasta, Vegetables and Sugar/Flour are good examples of foods rich in carbohydrates  

ProteinFUNCTIONS:Growth and repair of dead or damaged tissue or enzymesBUILDING BLOCK:Amino acids (20 in total)EXAMPLES OF FOOD:Meat, Fish, Dairy and Eggs are all examples of food rich in protein

Lipid (Fat)FUNCTION:Supply the body with ENERGY and absorption of A, D, E & K fat soluble vitaminsBUILDING BLOCK:Glycerol and fatty acidsEXAMPLES OF FOOD:Fatty meats, Lard/Oils, Butter and Margarine are all good examples of foods rich in protein

Fibre (Roughage)FUNCTION:Passes through the digestive system, cleans it out, keeps you regular and gives your faeces structureBUILDING BLOCK:Cellulose (Plant cell walls) and Carbohydrates undigested by humansEXAMPLES OF FOOD:Fruit, Vegetables and Whole-grains are all good examples of foods rich in fibre

MineralsFUNCTION: Needed in small amounts to make some of the structures in your body e.g calcium for your bonesEXAMPLES OF FOOD:Depends of the mineral e.g milk is high in calcium

Vitamins

VitaminsFUNCTION:Needed in small amounts for the proper functioning of many chemical reactions in the bodyEXAMPLES OF FOOD:Depends on the vitamin e.g kiwifruit are high in vitamin C

WaterFUNCTION:All chemical reactions in the body take place in waterEXAMPLES OF FOOD:Water & water based drinks!

DIGESTION

                                               -5 Stages of Digestion-1. Ingestion- Food is taken into the mouth2. Digestion- Food particles are being broken down first by physical force and then enzymes3. Absorption- Small soluble food molecules pass through the gut wall into the capillaries4. Assimilation- The small soluble food molecules enter cells and are used for cell processes like       Respiration      Cell Growth      Making New Cells 5. Egestion- Undigested food which is not used (e.g fibre) leaves the anus as faeces

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Physical Digestion: Using teeth, mouth, & muscle contraction to break up food into smaller piecesChemical Digestion: Using enzymes (Type of protein) to chemically break up food 

Mouth:Food is both PHYSICALLY and CHEMICALLY digested in the mouth using teeth and the enzyme amalayse. It is where INGESTION occurs. It has a neutral pH of 6.4-7.4 so that the enzyme AMALAYSE can work. Starch is chemically digested in the mouth using SALIVARY AMALAYSE which is made in the salivary glands. Starch is broken down into maltose sugar.

Pharynx:The cavity above the oesophagus, epiglottis closes trachea

Salivary Glands: AMALAYSE is made here and found in saliva. Saliva also contains MUCIN (slimy substance) which moistens food  so it becomes easier to swallow.

Oesophagus:Tube from the mouth down to the stomach. Moves food by peristalsis. No digestion occurs.

Cardiac Sphincter:Ring of muscle at the top of stomach. Stops acid from flowing into the oesophagus

STOMACH:PHYSICALLY DIGESTS FOOD-  Muscular contractions of the stomach break up food to increase surface area : VOLUME RATIOCHEMICALLY DIGESTS FOOD: Pepsin (A type of protease enzyme made in gastric glands in stomach walls) breaks down proteinHCl has a number of functions- Destroys micro-organisms in the food Provides acidic pH Stops salivary amalayse from working (as enzyme requires a neutral pH) Works to break down protein itself The stomach absorbs very small molecules that do not require digestion e.g alcohol. SPECIAL ADAPTIONS OF THE STOMACH: Wall is very thick Wall is lined with mucous to protect it from the acid.  The mucous contains HCO3(negative) ions to neutralise the stomach acid The stomach is very acidic with a pH of 1-2  ENZYMES ACTIVE IN THE STOMACHThe stomach wall is lined with thousands of tiny pits called gastric glands. They make and secrete GASTRIC JUICE that contains HCl and Pepsin. Pepsin (a type of protease enzyme in gastric juice) breaks protein down into polypeptides (chains of amino acids)

Pyloric Sphincter:The ring of muscle at the bottom of the stomach that slowly releases chyme (the watery, partly digested food mixed with gastric juice) that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum.

Small Intestine Part I - The Duodenum:The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. The main function is CHEMICAL DIGESTION of a range of food types.BILE: A green liquid, breaks up/emulsifies large globules of lipids into smaller ones. Also Neutralizes chyme and provides alkaline pH for enzymes to work. Bile is NOT an enzyme.The Duodenum has an alkaline pH of 7.5-8ENZYMES PRESENT IN THE DUODENUM:Pancreatic juice contains Trypsin - breaks down protein and polypeptides into peptides and amino acidsLipase -  breaks down lipids into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acidsPancreatic Amalayse - Breaks down starch into maltose/sucrose/lactose sugarIntestinal Juices - Produced by glands in duodenum wall, contains peptidasePeptidase - Breaks polypeptides into amino acids

The Small Intestine Part II: The Ileum2nd part of the small intestine, DIGESTION COMPLETE. Main function is the absorption of digested food. It has a huge surface area due to the villi (tiny projections from the wall of the ileum, with even smaller folds on them called microvilli. The Ileum itself is also folded. Glucose, amino acids, water, minerals & vitamins go into the capillary/blood stream of the villi by diffusion (high to low concentration) or active transport (energy used to transport)Fatty acids and glycerol go into the lymph in lacteals of the villi (returned to blood stream by the heart) Digested food is ten carried to liver to process by the hepatic portal vein.

Colon/Large Intestine:The main function of the large intestine is REABSORPTION of water and the Na(positive) ions. It helps to firm up the faeces which mainly consist of fibre (made from cellulose) Fibre is NOT DIGESTED so cannot be absorbed into the blood. Fibre is important, as it provides the bulk that the muscles in the digestive system act against to push the bolus through the digestive system

General Overview

What is a Mammal

Food Classes

The Digestive System

BODY PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS