94608
Description
Mind Map by HeyThereIAmKyle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hayd23
about 11 years ago
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Copied by HeyThereIAmKyle
about 11 years ago
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Treatment and Punishment of Crime
- Cognitive therapy
- Cognitive skills programmes are based on CBT
- aim to identify and correct cognitive
deficits which lead to criminal behaviour
- first task - help offender recognise their
cognitive deficits then help them change
their thinking and behaviour through the
acquisition of cognitive skills
- 2 programmes used by the prisons in England and Wales:
Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) and Reasoning and
Rehabilitation (R&R)
- R&R
- groups of 6 offenders attend sequential modules
- each session teaches sub-skills
building on previous learning
- based on premise that offenders are typically under-socialised,
lacking values, attitudes, reasoning and social skills required fore
appropriate social behaviour
- based on premise that offenders are typically under-socialised,
lacking values, attitudes, reasoning and social skills required fore
appropriate social behaviour
- modules cover
areas such as:
problem solving
social skills,
negotiation and
critical
reasoning
- each session teaches sub-skills
building on previous learning
- groups of 6 offenders attend sequential modules
- ETS
- 20 two-hour ETS groupwork sessions
that are made compulsory
- skills include learning to think before acting
- skills include learning to think before acting
- group exercises and role play demonstrate
the value of stopping and thinking to help
with understaning the consequences
- 20 two-hour ETS groupwork sessions
that are made compulsory
- R&R
- aim to identify and correct cognitive
deficits which lead to criminal behaviour
- Cognitive skills programmes are based on CBT
- Behavioural therapy
- Operant conditioning
- Reinforcement
- token economy
- used to improve the
behaviour of people in prison
- behaviour of inmates can be changed by
positively reinforcing desirable
(non-aggressive) behaviour with tokens
- should be given immediately and consistently
- should be given immediately and consistently
- used to improve the
behaviour of people in prison
- leads to an increase of acceptable behaviour
- token economy
- Punishment
- isolation
- used to reduce the frequency
of non-desired behaviour
- used to reduce the frequency
of non-desired behaviour
- decreases
unacceptable one
- isolation
- Reinforcement
- Shaping
- reinforement of successive
approximations to the
desired behaviour
- when tokens are given by prison staff
they are accompanied by praise
- this will eventually replace the tokens as a source of reinforcement
- this will eventually replace the tokens as a source of reinforcement
- reinforement of successive
approximations to the
desired behaviour
- Operant conditioning
- Cognitive -
Evaluation
- Strengths
- unlike simply punishing offenders by
imprisonment, cognitive approaches can
change thinking patterns
- should have lasting effects on reducing recidivism
- should have lasting effects on reducing recidivism
- Hollin (2004) - male offenders in treatment
groups reoffend less than controls
- Friendship (2002) - both
ETS and R&R are effective
- however, Cann (2003)
found that ETS was
effective and R&R was
not
- however, Cann (2003)
found that ETS was
effective and R&R was
not
- unlike simply punishing offenders by
imprisonment, cognitive approaches can
change thinking patterns
- Who benefits?
- reduced reconviction applies only to those
who complete the courses
- those who fail to
complete the course
have the most deviant
thinking so are the
most in need of help
but perhaps least
able to benefit
- those who fail to
complete the course
have the most deviant
thinking so are the
most in need of help
but perhaps least
able to benefit
- courses work best with medium
and high risk offenders
- whilst
problems of
low-risk
offenders may
have other
causes
- whilst
problems of
low-risk
offenders may
have other
causes
- benefits may not be long term
- Cann (2003)
found that
although
reconviction
rates were
lower for
high-risk male
offenders after
one year, this
advantage had
been lost by
two years
post-release
- Cann (2003)
found that
although
reconviction
rates were
lower for
high-risk male
offenders after
one year, this
advantage had
been lost by
two years
post-release
- reduced reconviction applies only to those
who complete the courses
- Gender bias
- programmes were
developed for use
with male prisoners
- however, Cann (2003) suggested that the findings may alternatively
be due to the absence of the cognitive deficits related to the crimes
committed by the women or because the samples were
predominantly low-risk individuals
- however, Cann (2003) suggested that the findings may alternatively
be due to the absence of the cognitive deficits related to the crimes
committed by the women or because the samples were
predominantly low-risk individuals
- programmes were
developed for use
with male prisoners
- Strengths
- Behavioural -
Evaluation
- Immediate and consistent
- immediate and consistent use of tokens is
important for reinforcement to take place
- Bassett and Blanchard
(1977) observed one 3-month
programme which failed
- attributed to staff misuse of the token system
- attributed to staff misuse of the token system
- immediate and consistent use of tokens is
important for reinforcement to take place
- Is it successful?
- some evidence suggests that token
economies do improve behaviour
- Jenkins (1974) followed up young male
offenders for 18 months post-release
- found differences between a control group and
those on cognitive training programmes or a
token economy were largely non-significant
- however, the token group consistently
had the lowest % of post-release
offences over the last 9 months
- however, Garrido and Morales (2007) found that for juvenile
offenders who had committed serious crimes, recidivism was
highest when they received no intervention but that cognitive
programmes were more effective that behavioural ones
- however, Garrido and Morales (2007) found that for juvenile
offenders who had committed serious crimes, recidivism was
highest when they received no intervention but that cognitive
programmes were more effective that behavioural ones
- however, the token group consistently
had the lowest % of post-release
offences over the last 9 months
- found differences between a control group and
those on cognitive training programmes or a
token economy were largely non-significant
- Jenkins (1974) followed up young male
offenders for 18 months post-release
- some evidence suggests that token
economies do improve behaviour
- Limitations
- token economy approach treats only
apparent behaviour such as aggression
- doesn't treat the causes of the behaviour
- doesn't treat the causes of the behaviour
- tokens only work if the inmates are
motivated to collect tokens
- in reality, powerful prisoners may control much more effective
reinforcers and punishers than wardens
- in reality, powerful prisoners may control much more effective
reinforcers and punishers than wardens
- token economy approach treats only
apparent behaviour such as aggression
- Immediate and consistent
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