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Global Population Change Case Studies
Description
AS - Level Geography (Global Population Change) Mind Map on Global Population Change Case Studies, created by Ellie Perry on 15/05/2016.
No tags specified
geography
aqa
a level
china
gambia
population
geography
global population change
as - level
Mind Map by
Ellie Perry
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Ellie Perry
about 8 years ago
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Resource summary
Global Population Change Case Studies
The Gambia's Youthful Population
Causes
Most people living in rural areas
Families have economic reasons for more children as they can help on the farm
Male dominated society - doesn't use or discuss contraceptives or family planning. Not much education on this
Small country, not enough room for the population
Effects
Population has been kept down due to deaths and infant mortality
However, developing healthcare, food and water resources is now leading to an increasing population
Birth rate 40 per 1000, per year. 3 or 4 times the UK
11 mothers die for every 1000 children born
Life expectancy is 53 for men, 57 for women
Infant mortality is over 50 per 1000 per year
Population expected to double every 28 years
92% dependency ratio
Not enough adults to provide the services for all the children
Male Nurse, 2 wives, 13 children. If each child has 6 surviving children there will be 27 times the population after 4 generations
Conditions
Government doesn't have the money to provide infrastructure for growing towns e.g. paved roads
Few can afford electricity
Lack of good sanitation - can be more than one family sharing a toilet
Not much privacy, all in the same room, no safety from intruders
Nutrition problems with only rice to eat, due to money problems
Trying to get all the children through primary school
School not big enough, 3000 pupils only 26 classrooms
Not enough school resources
1 in 10 children die before 5
Wood being used as fuel, at a unsustainable rate
Managing the youthful population
Family planning awareness and easy access
Contraceptives subsidised by the World Health Organisation
Free vaccinations for every child
Outside funding to build clinics
Teaching mothers to space births - less children, allows time to recover
Education about forests and conservation
Trying to get everyone into primary school
Could lead to demographic dividend in the future - large educated working population
Policies and actions to avoid the crisis
WFP (World Food Programme)
Better Nutrition for kids
Better education
High skilled workers, leading to an economy boost
Demographic dividend
Better health
Less child death
Less children per family
Family Planning
Higher use of contraception
Less STD's
Lower Birth Rate
Better Maternal Health
Possibility of working more and a higher income
More money per family member
Lower infant mortality rate
Healthier children
Better nutritioned and educated children
Decrease in children per family
China - One Child Policy
Introduced in 1979 , restricts couples in urban areas to only one child
In rural areas, families are allowed to have 2 children if the first is a girl
Annotations:
Other exceptions include ethnic minorities and couples who both do not have siblings
Couples who break the rules can face heavy fines, or possibly lose their property or their jobs
It has led to forced abortions, female infanticide, and the under-reporting of female births
The traditional preference for boys has also created gender imbalance as some couples opt for sex-selective abortions
In future, families will be allowed 2 children if 1 parent is an only child
2015 - Now becoming 2 child policy
Effects
Positive
Birth rate decreased
Fertility rate fallen
Annotations:
1970 - 5.75 2000 - 1.7
Population growth reduced
People have been saving more as less money is spent on children, it gives them more money to invest
Need to save money for the future, can no longer rely on children to care for parents in old age
Negative
Care for girls program, which aims at eliminating cultural discrimination against girls, through subsidies and education
Unbalanced sex ratio
Annotations:
1982 - Boys 100:110 girls 1990 - Boys 100:111.7 girls More females dying in first year after birth than males
Men finding it difficult to find a wife
Annotations:
Imports wives for Chinese men, especially form Burma
Growing ageing population
Annotations:
1989 - 5% over 65 2002 - 7% over 65 2025 - 30% over 65
Reliance on children to look after parents, replaced by social health care, retirement homes etc.
Four-Two-One problem - one child is left to provide for parents and grandparents
Children are seen as an investment for old age as not every worker is entitled to a pension
Parents lavish too much on the child creating 'little emperors'
Male children are seen as more desirable
Multiple births - no penalties for couples who have twins
Infanticide - Selective abortion of female foetuses
70,000 children kidnapped every year and traded on the black market, girls cost much less than boys
East Devon - Ageing Population
Causes
Receives retirement migrants due to pull factors
The scenery and weather
Memories and family
Rural Area
Elderly people culture
This fuels the businesses and housing that are catered to older people, making it even more attractive for retired people
Fairly affluent people,can afford to move
Effects
Increase in proportion of people over 65 and some over 50
Gender imbalance towards older females
Push factors
Cost of housing
Lack of shops and entertainment
Low paid jobs
Causing 18-30 year old's to leave
High dependency ratio of 85%
Annotations:
UK - 55%
2nd highest concentration of over 50s in the UK
Implications
Significant reduction in earnings
Less tax and national insurance to collect
Annotations:
Working people may need to pay more
Healthcare becomes catered towards elderly
Annotations:
e.g. GP, hip replacement, social care
Particular types of housing, transport
Grey Pound, Grey Vote
Travel Agencies
Grandparents provide childcare
Not enough working age people to provide services
Newham and Richmond-upon-Thames
Local, not global
Newham - Inner City
Less educated
Higher concentration of population
More ethnically diverse
Less affluent
More unemployment
More crimes
Many residents relying on benefits and are deprived
Youthful population
More concentrated housing
Richmond - Suburban
Wealthier
Better Qualifications
Detached, more expensive housing
Less children, more elderly
Higher proportion of White residents
Higher percentage of employed residents
NHS under less pressure
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